从“选贤与能”看儒家民本社会治理秩序的动态平衡

"德政""礼法""选贤"三位一体构成了传统中国民本社会治理的架构与逻辑,是形而上之谓道,形而中之谓人,形而下之谓器的三元和合。借助于选贤与能,儒家建立了基层社会的自我治理机制,体现出儒家社会治理规则的主要特征和出发点。贤能政治在儒家民本社会治理中的政治调节机制与功能主要体现在贤能之士对儒家民本思想的政治认同与角色认同、对民众利益的表达与综合,以及基于民本思想的政治评价与政治批判、政治调节与劝勉等方面,这是儒家民本社会治理维持社会平衡的重要机制。

儒家民本治理理念的本体论基础及其逻辑建构

儒家民本社会治理的依据可以从政治哲学的角度对其本体论进行论证,区别于西方哲学对世界本质的探讨和对人的本质分而论之的研究方式,儒家将“天命观”之外在性与“人性论”之内在性结合起来分析,按“自然之天”与“义理之天”的客观规律而实施正确的社会治理原则,构成了传统中国民本社会治理的政治科学上的逻辑进路。“天民合一”是其逻辑起点,“天人同性”及人性的呈现与发展为逻辑中介,“天礼合一”及社会秩序的规范与“化性起伪”为逻辑归宿。

清中期基层社会群体伦理观念探微——以清嘉庆朝刑科题本为例

清代中叶的基层社会群体伦理观念,与我国各民族的伦理文化与本民族人民的经济生活、社会生活及风俗习惯紧密交织在一起,反映了人们在社会生活中的行为价值标准与处世方法。《清嘉庆朝刑科题本社会史料辑刊》是研究清中期基层社会伦理关系、管窥清朝社会结构的重要档案资料,具有重要的学术价值。据此,本文将以《清嘉庆朝刑科题本史料辑刊》为例,从清代中期基层社会群体的生产、生活和等级伦理观念三个方面,对其社会群体成员的伦理观念特质做出初步的分析。

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS——Regional Coordination

In China’s modernization drive, coordinated regional development and the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects have been two mutually reinforcing dimensions. The three shifts of China’s principal social contradiction have responded to evolving needs of its regional development. Throughout various stages, the strategy of coordinated regional development has promoted the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects in its concept formation, implementation and upcoming completion, which has reinforced regional coordination in return. In striving to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, China has increased its economic base, balanced its regional development, narrowed regional disparities, and increased equal access to essential public services.

Regional Difference in Social Capital and Its Impact on Regional Economic Growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development.China is a country with high stocks of social capital.Using several different indicators of social capital,this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978-2004.Measuring social capital with indicators of associations,charities and blood donation rates,this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China.Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance.Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth.This relationship exists after controlling policy,macro location factors,and per capita GDP in the initial year.The empirical findings indicate that institutions,culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China.Therefore,the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.

A Hybrid Approach for Selection in Service Community

Although there have been existing competitions among web service （WS） providers, they still have opportunities to cooperate together for common profits. WS community as a mean to provide an ontological organization of WSs that share the same domain of interest has realized this kind of fancy in the sense that providers can work together to compete against others outside the community. Service selection in WS community is different from the traditional service selection, since WS community should take into account its own benefits. Therefore, we propose a hybrid approach to make service selection in WS community. The approach considers the profits of both WS community and the services within it. The experimental evaluation shows that the approach has a great advantage over other approach without consideration of community＇s benefits.

Open pit limit optimization considering economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits

Pit limit design has,up to date,focused mainly on maximization of economic profit alone,with environmental and social issues largely ignored.This paper focuses on incorporating both environmental and social issues in the pit limit design process and provides an approach to pit limit optimization that is in compliance with sustainable development.The case study demonstrates that ecological costs have a substantial down-sizing effect and social benefits have a substantial up-sizing effect on the optimal pit limit.When the ecological costs are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 37.5%smaller than the economically optimal pit limit.However,when the social benefits are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 48.3%larger than the economically optimal one.The overall optimal pit limit,with the economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits simultaneously considered,is a result of balancing conflicting goals of maximizing economic profit,minimizing ecological cost,and maximizing social benefit.

Thailand-Japan＇s Volume of Trade Influencing on Socio-economic and Well-Being Development Using Maximum Entropy Bootstrap

This paper is preliminary information on some empirical findings based on an analysis of Thailand＇s macroeconomic data. The purpose of the study is to quantify social-economic well-being development with special emphasis on poverty. The maximum entropy bootstrap was presented that did not require the property of stationarity. Moreover, the methodology was stratified both the ergodic theorem and the central limit theorem. Thailand＇s GINI index and Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade data cover the 14-year period from 1998 to 2011. There is a statistically significant negative non-linear relationship between endogenous Thailand＇s GINI index and exogenous Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade. The results confirmed that every lagged one percent increase in Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade influenced by a decrease of Thailand＇s GINI index coefficient 0.039 percent with the asymmetric around 0-almost closed to range condition -0.034824348 at 2.5%.

Social capital and rural institutions in Kenya Is Machakos unique？

In Eastern Africa, the experience of Machakos has been heavily debated between Malthusians and the more optimistic Boserupians. Machakos was the epitome of overpopulation and resource degradation in the 1950s, but has since thrived. The Boserupians view Machakos as an illustration of how population growth can solve rather than exacerbate the vicious cycle of poverty and resource degradation. The question arises whether Machakos is unique. This study investigates the role of social capital in Machakos. Using principal component analysis, the authors estimate various dimensions of social capital and find significant differences between Machakos and two other Kenyan regions particularly when it comes to the formation of associations.

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unrea-sonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the 'manual emission' into manual retriev-ing. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical counter-measures, which can create a 'good-cycle' both 'harnessing pollu-tion and earning income simultaneously', reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This 'good-cycle' method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.

Spiritual Capital as a Fundamental Element of Cultural Capital

Cultural capital is usually regarded as a mechanism of influence on personality. Coleman contributed to this study largely, although Bourdieu introduced the concept of a theoretical understanding of capital varieties. He was interested in the convergence of social, cultural, and economic capital. The authors propose to focus on the cultural capital of both the qualitative characteristics of the state of society. The problem is that in the presence of cultural capital as a funded system of values in the form of works of art and science, society degrades morally. Any cultural capital based on traditional religious values. This does not mean the broadcasting of religious themes in works of art, although it excludes, but rather a philosophical position of artists and researchers, through which the public receives the interpretation of events, their assessment of a certain value-regulatory system of coordinates. This element is the spiritual capital of the company and is a fundamental element of cultural capital. Qualitative state of society, its morality depends on the amount of spiritual capital, which he occupies in the field of cultural capital. A striking example of how the degradation and spiritual revival of capital in society can serve as the processes that took place during the last century.

Human capital, Social Capital and the Informal Employment of Floating Population

The informal employment is an important part of the floating population employment in our country. Based on the survey data of seven cities in the year of 2013 of our country, by establishing Probit regression model this paper analysis the relationship among human capital, social capital and floating population informal employment empirically. The main conclusions are the following two points： in the factors of human capital the floating people who have professional certificate, possessed good health and a higher education level will have a lower probability of engaging in informal employment; in the factors of human capital, the higher the probability of associate with the local people, the higher the probability that the floating population is engaged in informal employment. But the floating population have a lower probability of engaging in informal employment if he（she） got help from organization, be discriminated against by the local people and have a sense of U＇ust in the government of the place where he（she） was engaged. At the end of this paper, the corresponding policy recommendations arc put forward.

A Empirical Study on Impact Factors of Employee＇s Knowledge Capital in Supply Chain： Social NetworkPerspective

In contrast to the previous studies of knowledge capital from the perspective of enterprises, this study discusses the employee knowledge capital formation mechanism in the supply chain using social network method from the perspective of social capital s~＇ucture, taking individual employees as the study objects. 150 effective questionnaires of three groups were returned by multistage cluster sampling, and then they were analyzed through regression and the structural equation model. The results are as follows： （1） the acquisition of social capital and knowledge capital is affected by the network structure position of the employees in the supply chain; （2） the knowledge capital is affected by how much social capital the employees obtained in the supply chain; （3） social capital is an intermediary variable to affect the knowledge capital in the network structure. Finally, related suggestions for the supply chain management and the subsequent studies are proposed. 1

Research of Shanghai elderly endowment intend to wisdom

Through field investigation, questionnaire interview and interview with experts and scholars, the study of the wisdom of the elderly endowment willingness and demand, understand wisdom pension service demand and social supply, and then found social in the problems that exist in the pension services will meet the wisdom, so as to put forward the targeted countermeasures and Suggestions, can cause social attention to wisdom pension services, promote and plural social capital to participate in, give full play to the role of the market.

Does Family Planning Increase Children's Income?

Whether the generation affected by the family planning will benefi t directly is the key to test whether the policy implications are the same to collective and individual.There are researches on the family planning's consequences are usually in the macro-level.In order to discovery how family planning directly affects the individual,this paper use micro data from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) 2010 to test the impact of family planning on children's personal income.The results shows that"quantity-quality tradeoff"hypothesis holds on human capital levels in China,and the implementation of family planning policy effectively increases children's education level,but the social capital effect of siblings is also reduced by the family planning policy.Considering the two kinds of effects,the family planning policy has not signifi cantly affect children's personal income.

Ethics and Law： Reassessment on the Legal Positivism

Legal system in a modern society is administered by judiciary which is due to separation of powers in a constitutional government whose role is congruent with market-based （i.e., capitalist） social formation. At the outset of modernity, an overall morality, as a social system, lacked for ordering all social relations in modern society under overdetermination of market relationships and class differentiation. Despite the fact that we may attribute moral property to the patterned relationship, there is somewhat a common character between morals and laws that both of them visibly set forth by reciprocity between individuals and social groups, which are backed by external sanctions as manifested with notion of justice, as evaluative criterion of impartiality. Thereby, the other problem is a tiny relationship or sometimes tension between social systems of morals and individual ethical virtues; even though some philosophers are willing to equate virtues, morals, and the law as squarely reducing virtues to obey the established law. As though, legal system and some morals incidentally coincide, the law cannot be evenly rely on morality in spite of presumed legitimacy by means of morals that have been overall subject matter of philosophy of law. Regarding the social structure of any capitalist society, I frankly say that law autonomously or semi-autonomously arose as a discrete depolitical power system other than system of morals which was ultimately determined by mode of production. Therefore, it relies on a convention-like social approbation, whatsoever is stably or unstably balanced with political power.

Knowledge and Social Capital： Drivers for Sustainable Local Growth

This paper presents a knowledge resources perspective for territorial competitiveness and sustainability. The latter is defined as a pathway promoted by a plurality of public and private actors, in the for-profit and non-profit sectors, who find that relationships and social cohesion are the drivers for the construction of shared territorial governance. This study integrates an extensive literature review with data from longitudinal empirical research. Authors have adopted the methodology of qualitative research-based case study. In particular, this paper focused the analysis on a project of territorial governance promoted in the Marches region of Italy. This region was selected as a case study, because it is emblematic of the Italian context; the territory is characterized by small businesses diffused throughout the socio-economic fabric and by the proactive role taken by local governments. The perspective offers a powerful instrument for raising awareness of the gaps that local policymakers should address through their initiatives in the knowledge economy.

Build a people- oriented social security system--Based on the concept of real man

The concept of ＂real man＂ is the historical origin and the logical starting point in The Marx＇s Materialist Conception of History, and is also our basic starting point in the social science research. Although our country＇s social security system has made great development and progress, but it still does not adapts the level of economy development, especially compared with the requirements of the people. Based on the principle of Marx＇s ＂real man＂ theory and combine the ＂real man＂ with the ＂people oriented＂, this article discussed the basic framework of the present social security system and its shortcomings in China. Then I try to put forward suggestions from breaking the urban-rural dual structure, gradually establishing urban and rural areas as a whole one of social security system, actively expanding the social security fund financing channels, establishing a nationwide unified social security of personal accounts, strive to establish a ＂people oriented＂ social security system.

Comments on the development trend of the construction cost management in the new period

Building construction projects generally needs a long period, and there are many fixed factors in the process of building, therefore, the management of the project cost is a little difficult. On the basis that the quality of construction is not affected, the effective management of the project cost can effectively control the costs so that the economic and social benefits of the construction unit will be raised, and then continue to promote the development of construction industry in China.