商业银行贷款组合优化决策的机会准则模型

通过把贷款的收益率刻画为模糊变量,提出了商业银行贷款组合优化决策的机会准则模型,即可能性准则模型、必要性准则模型和可信性准则模型。对于贷款收益率是特殊的三角模糊变量的情况,给出了模型的清晰等价类,这些等价类可以用传统的方法进行求解。对于贷款收益率的隶属函数比较复杂的情况,应用集成模糊模拟、神经网络、遗传算法和同步扰动随机逼近算法的混合优化算法求解模型。数值算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。

论公司机会准则

公司机会准则是英美法系公司法中规定的公司高级经理人忠实义务的重要内容之一。它规定高级经理人不得篡夺公司拥有利益或期待利益之机会。在公司的运行过程中,公司期望扩张的内在要求与高级经理人追求公司管理者的利益之间存在矛盾和冲突。为了在公司与高级经理人利益冲突中贯彻公司利益至上原则,我国公司法有必要借鉴英美公司机会准则,确立高级经理人的不得篡夺公司机会义务。

公司机会准则研究

公司机会准则是英美国家公司法的一个重要理论 ,它确立了董事不得篡夺公司机会义务。判断一个交易机会是否是公司机会 ,须根据交易机会之不同而采不同方法。董事不得篡夺公司机会义务与董事的竞业禁止义务间不是种属关系 ,而是交叉关系 ,这就决定了我国公司法应在规定竞业禁止制度之外 。

基于最小机会损失准则的超短期风电功率组合预测

为了对超短期风电功率进行准确的预测,本文提出一种基于最小机会损失准则的超短期风电功率组合预测方法。即首先对风电功率时间序列进行EEMD分解,对分解得到的每个IMF分量采用不同优化准则建立组合预测模型进行预测;然后采用最小机会损失准则筛选预测精度最优的模型进行预测;最后对每个IMF分量的预测值进行组合叠加得到预测结果。实验结果表明,与EEMD+ELM、EEMD+BP、EEMD+RBF和EEMD+SVM等预测方法相比较,本文所提出的方法能有效提高超短期风电功率的预测精度。

直觉模糊决策粗糙集及其在目标识别中的应用

现有决策粗糙集模型不能够细腻的描述包含模糊信息的决策。针对上述不足,构造基于直觉模糊相似关系的决策粗糙集模型,给出相应的属性约简算法和决策规则提取方法。然后,从最小机会损失决策准则的角度提出了一种基于多重代价的阈值确定方法。最后,通过空袭武器目标识别的实例说明具体的应用过程。结果表明,该方法对于包含模糊信息的决策具有良好的识别能力。

概率理论在企业风险决策中的应用

随着社会文明程度的发展,决策愈来愈发展为一种科学的系统工程,作为一门新兴的边缘性学科也越来越成为各专业领域的重要研究对象。本文以未来市场的随机事件作为分析事例,依据概率理论和管理学要素,从正反两个方面阐述企业管理者如何做出利益最优化的决策方案,文章认为随着社会化大生产不断发展,企业经营决策特别是重大的战略决策涉及面广,因素复杂,既有可以定量的经济因素,又有不可定量的社会、政治与心理等因素,解决这些决策问题要具备多学科的专业知识和丰富的实践经验,单凭某一方面的知识和技术很难解决复杂的决策问题,必须多学科多种方式的综合运用,才能收到较好的决策效果。

EMV、EOL和EUV理论在风险决策中的应用分析

文章简要介绍了最大期望收益决策准则、最小机会损失决策准则和最大效用值决策准则,将它们应用于风险决策案例并进行分析,最大期望收益决策准则和最小机会损失决策准则结论基本相同,二者与最大效用值决策准则结合使用,可使决策更为合理.

Annual Reports of Non-profit Organizations （NPOs）： An Analysis

Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs registered with the Registry of Society （ROS） under the charity and religious categories. The objectives of this study are： （1） to determine the current state of reporting practices by NPOs; and （2） to describe the contents of a set of annual reports and the financial statement presentation of NPOs. This study found that there were variations in reporting practices among the charity and religious categories of NPOs. On average, the results show that NPOs do not focus on the disclosing information required by the ROS, the governing body of NPOs. This indicates that the regulators need to strongly practice enforcement to strengthen the compliance of the annual reports submission. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information to regulators as a basis for preparing and presenting NPOs＇ annual report framework in the future.

The Prediction of Bankruptcy in a Construction Industry of Russian Federation

The problem of the firm bankruptcy prediction was investigated by foreign researchers in the 1930s and it still remains relevant. Since the publishing of Altman＇s （1968） major work, based on multiple discriminant analysis （MDA）, this methodological area has considerably changed. Taking into consideration that new data have appeared in the course of time, companies＇ average size has changed, and the accounting standards have changed （Altman, Haldeman, ＆ Narayanan, 1977）, methods and models should be renewed so as to be appropriate for current situation. The purpose of this paper1 is to reveal factors causing bankruptcy and use models appropriate for prediction bankruptcy in the area of a construction industry during the financial crisis. This investigation has been carried out on the basis of logit and probit analysis. The main reasons of bankruptcy revealed in the course of this investigation are the following： （1） non-optimal capital structure formation; （2） ineffective liquidity management; （3） decrease in assets profitability; and （4） decrease in short-term assets turnover. The most reliable indicators which give warning of bankruptcy ahead of others are financial instability and liquidity ratios.

The Impact of Unrealized Foreign Exchange Differences for Accounting and Taxation

The present study is intended to be an analysis of the main Romanian legal provision in what concerns the impact of foreign exchange differences and potential consequences at the level of financial statements for companies. In Romanian legislation, the issue of the foreign exchange differences is treated at a general level： these are recognized as a profit and loss item and as a consequence, they are included in the taxable base when booked in the accounting. Our legislation does not provide for specific treatments depending on the ＇realization momenf＇ of these differences or depending on the conditions for recognizing a gain/loss from foreign exchange differences. For the unrealized exchange differences arising from the application of accounting rules on monthly assessment of foreign currency monetary items, there is not a specific event or transaction to determine income or expenditure. This monthly review depending on the National Bank of Romania [BNR] foreign exchange rate valid on the last day of the month aims to bring closer to reality the financial position of an entity. The exchange rate is a monetary policy item set by the central bank and may be influenced by various factors such as： monetary policy of the BNR; inflation target objectives and rate of exchange stabilization or reduction efforts, as is the case of BNR in the last years to fulfill EU criteria for adoption of the EURO; periodical influences of speculative capitals on the exchange rate level; economic status and especially exports and imports. However, a taxpayer should not be charged unless there is evidence of the ＂economic enrichment＂ thereof. However, this enrichment, seen as a rising economic value of the company, depends on the perspective from which is seen： the owner of the company or the tax authorities. The exchange differences impact also the value of the owners＇ equity for which a minimum level is requested under the commercial company law. In case of negative values, this triggers various risks at the level of the continuity principle or even endangers the existence of the company.

＂Events＂ Approach to Basic Accounting Theory： How Far Away Can It Go

As a totally new accounting theory, ＂events＂ approach to basic accounting theory tends to reform traditional accounting theory. Its main idea is providing detailed information about economic events that allow individual users to generate their own input values for their own individual decision model. From existing literature, we can find that this theory has not formed a perfect system, study on it is not deep and the theory itself has some drawbacks. The goal of this paper is to introduce this theory systematically. By analyzing the drawbacks of this theory, this paper proposes some solutions to improve it.

Fair value accounting under financial crisis

The recent financial crisis has led to a vigorous debate about the pros and cons of fair-value accounting （FVA）. This debate presents a major challenge for FVA going forward and standard setters＇ push to extend FVA into other areas. In this article, we highlight three important issues as an attempt to make sense of the debate. First, much of the controversy results from confusion about what is new and different about FVA. Second, while there are legitimate concerns about marking to market （or pure FVA） in times of financial crisis, it is less clear that these problems apply to FVA as stipulated by the accounting standards, be it IFRS or U.S. GAAP. Third, historical cost accounting （HCA） is unlikely to be the remedy. There are a number of concerns about HCA as well and these problems could be larger than those with FVA.

推定信托的修正正义与修正正义的推定信托制度之借鉴——以攫取公司机会行为的修正为例证

推定信托的修正功能使其成为救济信义义务违反之不当行为的方式。推定信托具有返还财产和赔偿损失的修正功能,可以为当事人提供物权法上的救济和对人救济,尤其物权法上的救济为受侵害人提供了充分的权利保障机制:它对权利的保护,有优先于一般债权的优点。推定信托制度可以有效解决我国现行法律中有关信义义务违反救济之规定的缺罅,弥补不当得利规则适用的不足,具有其他民法制度所无法替代的作用,值得我国信托法借鉴。当然,推定信托制度的引入须克服或协调其与我国基本的法律概念的冲突。文章以攫取公司机会行为的修正为例证对推定信托之修正正义予以探讨,以期对我国的相关理论的发展、司法实践的推动以及我国信托法对推定信托制度进行本土化借鉴有所裨益。