In order to make strategic decision on firms’ sharing reward program( SRP), a nested Stackelberg game is developed. The sharing behavior among users and the rewarding strategy of firms are modeled. The optimal sharin...In order to make strategic decision on firms’ sharing reward program( SRP), a nested Stackelberg game is developed. The sharing behavior among users and the rewarding strategy of firms are modeled. The optimal sharing bonus is worked out and the impact of social relationships among customers is discussed. The results show that the higher the bonus,the more efforts the inductor is willing to make to persuade the inductee into buying. In addition,the firms should take the social relationship into consideration when setting the optimal sharing bonus. If the social relationship is weak,there is no need to adopt the SRP. Otherwise,there are two ways to reward the inductors. Also,the stronger the social relationship,the fewer the sharing bonuses that should be offered to the inductors,and the higher the expected profits. As a result,it is reasonable for the firms to implement SRPs on the social media where users are familiar with each other.展开更多
Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to...Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for preda- tion, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutionary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were： the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfac- tory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments展开更多
3D 打印技术将对传统的工艺流程、生产线、工厂模式、产业链组合产生深刻影响,是制造业有代表性的颠覆性技术。3D 打印的工作原理是以计算机三维设计模型为蓝本,通过软件将其离散分解成若干层平面切片,由数控成形系统利用激光束、热熔...3D 打印技术将对传统的工艺流程、生产线、工厂模式、产业链组合产生深刻影响,是制造业有代表性的颠覆性技术。3D 打印的工作原理是以计算机三维设计模型为蓝本,通过软件将其离散分解成若干层平面切片,由数控成形系统利用激光束、热熔喷嘴等方式将材料进行逐层堆积粘结,叠加成型,制造出实体产品。展开更多
基金The National Social Science Foundation of China(No.17BGL196)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYLX15_0193)
文摘In order to make strategic decision on firms’ sharing reward program( SRP), a nested Stackelberg game is developed. The sharing behavior among users and the rewarding strategy of firms are modeled. The optimal sharing bonus is worked out and the impact of social relationships among customers is discussed. The results show that the higher the bonus,the more efforts the inductor is willing to make to persuade the inductee into buying. In addition,the firms should take the social relationship into consideration when setting the optimal sharing bonus. If the social relationship is weak,there is no need to adopt the SRP. Otherwise,there are two ways to reward the inductors. Also,the stronger the social relationship,the fewer the sharing bonuses that should be offered to the inductors,and the higher the expected profits. As a result,it is reasonable for the firms to implement SRPs on the social media where users are familiar with each other.
文摘Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for preda- tion, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutionary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were： the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfac- tory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments
