咪唑啉类缓蚀剂腐蚀抑制作用

CO2-H2S腐蚀一直是石油工业的一个棘手问题和研究热点。CO2-H2S腐蚀引起的设备和管道腐蚀失效,造成了巨大的经济损失以及严重的社会后果,所以开展抑制CO2-H2S腐蚀的研究具有深远的经济和社会效应。而咪唑啉类缓蚀剂具有优良的缓蚀性能,随着缓蚀剂质量浓度增加,缓蚀率增加,当N-烷基苯并咪唑啉阳离子缓蚀剂质量浓度为50 mg/L时,缓蚀率达到97.15%。近年,针对CO2-H2S腐蚀问题,采用咪唑啉缓蚀剂处理的研究较多,通过金属与酸性介质接触在其表面形成单分子吸附膜,从而降低其电位达到缓蚀的目的。文中对新型咪唑啉类缓蚀剂(季铵盐、酰胺基、硫脲基、苯并和膦酰胺味唑啉类缓蚀剂)的缓蚀机理以及研究现状作了详尽的概述。

Effects of Super Absorbent Polymers on Yield and Water-saving and Drought-escaping Mechanism in Spring Maize

The effects of super absorbent polymers （SAP） on yield as well as water-saving and drought-escaping mechanism in spring maize in the seasonal drought region were studied. As shown by the results, during the seasonal drought in southern China, SAP treatment promoted the soil moisture, improved the capability of absorption and transportation of roots, promoted physiological and biochemical functions, increased the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration, and reduced the stomatal conductance and transplre.tion rate. As a result, the economic characters of spring maize were improved, and the yield was increased.

Performance evaluation of wavelet scattering network in image texture classification in various color spaces

The optimized color space is searched by using the wavelet scattering network in the KTH_TIPS_COL color image database for image texture classification. The effect of choosing the color space on the classification accuracy is investigated by converting red green blue （RGB） color space to various other color spaces. The results show that the classification performance generally changes to a large degree when performing color texture classification in various color spaces, and the opponent RGB-based wavelet scattering network outperforms other color spaces-based wavelet scattering networks. Considering that color spaces can be changed into each other, therefore, when dealing with the problem of color texture classification, converting other color spaces to the opponent RGB color space is recommended before performing the wavelet scattering network.

Inorganic Carbon Utilization in Some Marine Phytoplankton Species

In order to learn the ways and possible utilization mechanisms of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in marine phytoplankton species under carbon-replete or -limited conditions, the activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) was assayed in different pH, CO 2 and DIC concentrations. Extracellular CA in Amphidinium carterae and Prorocentrum minimum was detected under carbon-replete conditions, while in Melosira sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira rotula, Emiliania huxleyi and Pleurochrysis carterae, CA activity was assayed under conditions of carbon limitation. No CA activity was found even under carbon-limited conditions in Chaetoceros compressus, Glenodinium foliaceum, Coccolithus pelagicus, Gephrocapsa oceanica and Heterosigma akashiwo. In species without extracellular CA activity, the direct HCO - 3 uptake was investigated using a pH drift technique and the anion exchange inhibitor 4′4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS) in a closed system. The result showed that direct HCO - 3 transport might occur by an anion exchange mechanism in species Coc. pelagicus and G. oceanica. Of the 13 species investigated, only H. akashiwo did not have the potential for direct uptake or extracellular CA-catalyzed HCO - 3 utilization.

抑制晶间腐蚀

本文提出晶间腐蚀(IGA)产生的原因和试验的建议。叙述了冶金学家对避免该问题的探讨,以及一些已商业化的抗IGA的合金。

APPLICATION OF FUZZY INFERENCE IN IDENTIFICATION OF HELICOPTER MODEL

Helicopter mathematical model mainly depends on design helicopter control system, flight simulator, and real time control simulation system. But it is difficult to establish a helicopter flight dynamics mathematical model that has features such as rapidness, reliability and precision, because there is no unique and precise expression to some sophisticated phenomenon of helicopter. In this paper a fuzzy helicopter flight model is constructed based on the flight experimental data. The fuzzy model, which is identified by fuzzy inference, has characteristics of computed rapidness and high precision. In order to guarantee the precision of the identified fuzzy model, a new method is adopted to handle the conflict fuzzy rules. Additionally, using fuzzy clustering technology can effectively reduce the number of rules of fuzzy model, namely, the order of the fuzzy model. The simulation results indicate that the method of this paper is effective and feasible.

某RCC坝体廊道大量白色异物析出成因及对坝体的危害分析

结合某RCC坝运行的特点,从工程环境介质特征出发,首先对固体介的化学成分、集料碱的活性、环境水的侵蚀性三方面分析得出环境介质基本特性;其次通过对坝体渗透性试验、裂缝检测以及坝体、坝基渗漏、坝体强度检测等实验和分析,得出坝体渗漏主要途径为坝体分缝和裂缝渗漏。在此基础上分析了该RCC坝溶蚀的作用机理、影响混凝土抗溶出侵蚀耐久性的各种因素,认为廊道及坝体下游坡面白色析出碳酸钙主要来源于库水,部分来源于混凝土坝体分缝和裂缝面的溶蚀,并提出了廊道及坝体下游坡面白色析出碳酸钙的"类溶蚀机理"成因。本研究对水坝工程的安全运营有着重要意义,可为类似工程问题解决和研究提供借鉴。

Species of Inorganic Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Red Soil and the Mechanism of Solubilization

INTRODUCTION The insoluble phosphates which can not be directly absorbed by plants are the mai forms of inorganic phosphate in soil. These kinds of phosphates can be solubilized by several species of bacteria which are widely spread in soil especially in rhizosphere where70% of the bacteria are capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphate. Many researchers re-

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION AND APLASTIC ANEMIA

Objective. To explore the relationship between human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) infection and aplastic anemia (AA) and to investigate the role of HPV B19 in the occurrence of AA. Methods. The presence of HPV B19 DNA was detected in the peripheral blood samples of 60 patients with AA (children 38 and adults 22) by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and 30 healthy persons were selected as control. Results. Sixteen (26.7％ ) of 60 AA cases were HPV B19 DNA positive, while all the samples in the control group were negative for HPV B19 (P = 0.000914). Among the case group, the positive rates of HPV B19 DNA were 21.4％ (6 / 28), 30.0％ (3 / 10), 20.0％ (1 / 5) and 35.3％ (6 / 17) in children acute AA (AAA), children chronic AA (CAA), adults AAA and adults CAA patients respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, there was no remarkable difference between children AA and adults AA in the 16 HPV B19 DNA positive patients; neither was there between AAA and CAA. Conclusions. HPV B19 infection is not only correlated with the occurrence of children AAA and CAA, but also with adults AAA and CAA, and might be an important viral cause for AA in humans.

Expression and Significance of LRIG1 Gene in Human Astrocytomas

Objective： LRIG1 gene is a newly found human gene that displays homologies to the Drosophila Kek-1 gene. Previous researches have shown that the LRIG1 gene almost expressed in all human tissues. However, its functions, particularly its functions in human tumors, are still unknown. The goals of the present study are to magnify the expression spectrum of the LRIG1 gene and determine their roles in the oncogenesis. Methods： A triphasic oligonucleotide probe was designed and used to detect the expression level of the LRIG1 gene in 16 astrocytomas and the corresponding tissues around the tumors by in situ hybridization. 11 primary astrocytoma cells were cultured. Among these, the expression level of the LRIG1 gene was checked by in situ hybridization and the expression of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen （PCNA） protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results： The expression of LRIG1 protein was detected in different degree in all the tumors and the surrounding tissues. Compared to the surrounding tissues, the expression of the tumors was lower. The decrease extends from the surrounding tissues to the tumors were correlation to the tumors＇ grades. The primary cultured cells also expressed LRIG1 to various extent and the expression of LRIG1 in the cultures was negatively correlated with the intensity of the PCNA staining. Conclusion： The LRIG1 protein may inhibit the growth of tumors of glial cells and the down-regulation of the LRIG1 gene may be involved in the development and progression of the tumor.

Enzyme‐like mechanism of selective toluene oxidation to benzaldehyde over organophosphoric acid‐bonded nano‐oxides

The completely selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with dioxygen,without the need touse H_(2)O_(2),halogens,or any radical initiators,is a reaction long desired but never previously successful.Here,we demonstrate the enzyme‐like mechanism of the reaction over hexadecylphosphateacid(HDPA)‐bonded nano‐oxides,which appear to interact with toluene through specific recognition.The active sites of the catalyst are related to the ability of HDPA to change its bonding to theoxides between monodentate and bidentate during the reaction cycle.This greatly enhances themobility of the crystal oxygen or the reactivity of the catalyst,specifically in toluene transformations.The catalytic cycle of the catalyst is similar to that of methane monooxygenase.In thepresence of catalyst and through O_(2)oxidation,the conversion of toluene to benzaldehyde is initiatedat 70°C.We envision that this novel mechanism reveals alternatives for an attractive route to designhigh‐performance catalysts with bioinspired structures.

Analysis of Survivin Expression in the Subtypes of Lymphoma

Objective： To detect the expression of survivin in subtypes of lymphoma and its value in classifying subtypes of lymphoma. Methods： Paraffin-embedded samples collected from 219 cases of lymphoma and 13 cases of lymph node reactive proliferation from affiliated hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University during 2001-2003 were examined for the expression of survivin by using immunohistochemical staining. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of survivin in K562, HL60, Raji, and Jurkat cell lines. Semi-quantitative assay was used to evaluate the quantity of survivin protein and mRNA expression in subtypes of lymphoma. Results： Protein expression of survivin was high and strong in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma （DLBL） （88.6%, 70/79）, Burkitt lymphoma （BL） （100%, 2/2）, and lymphoblastic lymphoma （LBL） （92.3%, 12/13）, while their expression was always lower and weaker in follicular lymphoma （FL） （18.2%）, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue （MALT lymphoma） （40.9%） and marginal zone lymphoma （MZL） （33.3%）. There was a significant difference between the higher expression group （DLBL, BL and LBL） and lower one （FL, MZL, and MALT） in the expression of survivin （Chi-square test, X^2=24.77, P〈0.01）. Almost all of Reed-Sternberg cells （R-S cells） in Hodgkin lymphoma （HL） strongly expressed survivin. The protein expression of survivin was positively correlated with mRNA （r=0.6270, P〈0.01）. Conclusion： The expression level of survivin mRNA and protein shows significant difference in subtypes of lymphoma. The expression of survivin mRNA might act as a biomarker to classify the subtypes of lymphoma.

Tasks and Priorities for Comprehensively Deepening Reform of China’s State Sector of Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of China＇s comprehensive deepening of reform. The basic objective of comprehensively deepening reform of the state sector of economy in the new chapter is to fully integrate this sector with a sophisticated market economic system with the market playing the decisive role in resource allocation. In order to achieve this objective, China is confronted with the four major priorities of adjusting the functions and layout of the state sector of economy according to national mandates, expediting the mixed ownership reform, creating a classified and multi- tiered new system for the administration of the sector, and developing a modern corporate system for SOEs to ensure an efficient micro-level governance mechanism for the sector. （1） The functions of the different types of SOEs should be accurately defined and SOEs should be divided into the three types of public policy SOEs, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs. This classification forms the premises for reforming the state sector of economy. Based on the functions of the three types of SOEs, the directions and emphases for strategic adjustment should differ as well. （2） The mixed ownership reform should adhere to the methodological principles of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, implementing pilot programs, and promoting coordinated progress. Practical implementation should ensure fair and standard reform procedures, reform programs consistent with laws and regulations, open and fair equity transfers, as well as fair and transparent internal distributions. The mixed ownership reform of SOEs should introduce the employee stock ownership system and adhere to the principles of compatible incentives, shared growth, and long-term development. Monopolistic sectors should be transformed into competitive market structures to create conditions for the implementation of mixed ownership for SOEs. （3） The new system for the administration of the state sector of economy should comprise three hierarchies： the Commission for the Administration of State Economy at the top level, state capital operation companies or state capital investment companies at the intermediate level and general for-profit enterprises at the bottom level, which administer public policy, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs respectively. （4） Under the new system for the administration of the state sector of economy characterized by the three hierarchies and categories, the key for perfecting the modern corporate system of SOEs is to establish a differentiated, classified governance mechanism, i.e., different corporate governance mechanisms should be created for SOEs of different functions and roles.

富锶文石的发现及其研究

富锶文石是文石的变种,其化学式为(Ca,Sr)CO3。二轴晶,负光性,2▽=9,折光率Ng=1.6620,Nm=1.6561,Np=1.5168,D=3.34,H=3.75,比磁化系数为0.32×10-6CGSMcm3/g。矿物为白色,透明,呈细小晶粒状或砂糖状集合体。易溶于稀盐酸。斜方晶系,晶胞参数a=4.61,b=7.89,c=5.78。矿物产于内蒙古白云鄂博铁、铌、稀土矿床的脉状含铌、稀土白云石碳酸盐岩中,在自然界中产出含锶如此之高的变种是罕见的。该矿物的发现对研究碳酸盐矿物中钙、锶元素类质同象置换机理和晶体光学均具有一定的学术意义。

MicroRNAs in biliary diseases

Cholangiopathies are a group of diseases primarily or secondarily affecting bile duct cells, and result in cholangiocyte proliferation, regression, and/or transformation. Their etiopathogenesis may be associated with a broad variety of causes of different nature, which includes genetic, neoplastic, immune-associated, infectious, vascular, and drug-induced alterations, or being idiopathic. miRNAs, small non-coding endogenous RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expres sion, have been associated with pathophysiological processes in different organs and cell types, and are postulated as potential targets for diagnosis and therapy. In the current manuscript, knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in the development and/or progression of cholangiopathies has been reviewed and the most relevant findings in this promising field of hepatology have been highlighted.

New generations of dihydropyridines for treatment of hypertension

Since the calcium channel blocker （CCB） has become one of the most prescribed agents for antihypertensive monotherapy in the world, this brief review will focus on the recent research and development of the dihydropyridine （DHP） CCB, addressing pharmacological mecha- nisms for the clinical efficacy of the third and fourth generations of the DHP CCBs, especially on their possible central mechanisms underlying lowering blood pressure.

Pharmacological Mechanisms of Diazepam in Fish： Effect on Growth

The present work aimed to demonstrate that the dietary content of the drug diazepam, a common benzodiazepine, regulates many aspect of feed efficiency of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus a favorite in fish production, and also to test introducing a simple new model in the investigation of the biological mechanisms of drug addiction. Diazepam was added to the basic diet at different levels （1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 mg/100 g diet）. The experiments lasted for twelve weeks. The results obtained suggested that most of the diazepam doses were able to stimulate the growth parameters of O. niloticus, especially at 12.0 mg/100 gdiet. At some selected doses, diazepam reduces AChE specific activities in the tilapia brain and the inhibition was higher at the 12.0 mg dose. The clearance of diazepam in fish muscles and skin with lapse of time indicated that the fish treatment poses no health risk to the consumer. The recommended dose is the 12 mg DZP/100 mg diet. Finally, tilapia can be used as a new powerful model for the study of fish growth, which could provide insights into the mechanisms of drug addiction.

Carbcations Chemistry： β-Methyl Shift--A New Rearrangement of the Carbcations Bridged Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Results of researches on study of the kinetics and isomerization mechanism of the alkyladamantanes in the presence of the heterogeneous catalysts of the acid type are considered as detection and experimental proof of a new intramolecular rearrangement of the carbcations bridged alicyclic hydrocarbons--2,4-moving of the methyl groups （β-methyl shift）. The proof of realization of such rearrangement is direct and primary formation 1,4-dimethyladamantane from 1,2-dimethyladamatane, passing a formation stage of the thermodynamic much stable 1,3-dimethyladamantane; direct formation 1,3,6-trimethyladamantane from 1,3,4-trimethyladamantane, excepting a formation stage 1,3.5-trimethyladamantane, and also other isomers which formation is impossible to explain by means of known 1,2-methyl shift （a-methyl shift）.

Entropic Definition of Human Happiness and Suffering

The Almighty created man for contentment, and not for suffering. Creation of the universe was a leap from absolute entropy to substance and the vital world. According to our hypothesis, the goal of creating the universe and humans was to create enjoyment and pleasure by depressing the level of entropy. Current definitions do not adequately express the nature and origin of happiness or suffering, nor do they suggest how to treat, relieve, and prevent the torment of a healthy or sick individual. Our team developed and proposed the entropy theory as a new definition for human happiness and suffering. Entropy is a lack of order or a state of chaos. Human happiness may be defined as the complex of positive sensations, perceptions, emotions, or thoughts. These arise due to the depressed level of entropy of the individual＇s organism, empathy for others, or germane surroundings in the past, present, or in the future. Human suffering is the complex of negative sensations, perceptions, emotions, or thoughts that arise due to an increased level of entropy of a person＇s organism, empathy for others, or germane surroundings in the past, present, or future. A source of happiness and pleasure denotes depression of entropy in humans. Therefore, in order to treat suffering, one should ensure that the entropy level is reduced by complementing it with that which is missing.

Debates on the Causes of Global Warming

The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC(NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are reviewed.IPCC holds that today's global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than natural variability,which is emphasized by NIPCC.The surface temperature observations since the mid-20th century support the hypothesis of anthropogenic impact,but for the last one hundred years or so,natural forcings such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions and thermohaline circulation variations also have had great influences on the Earth's climate,especially on inter-decadal timescales.In addition,evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period(MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are closely associated with the solar activity over the past 1 thousand years.Over the past 10 thousand years, the North Atlantic cold events and solar activity are closely correlated.Nevertheless,the physical mechanisms of the solar-climate variability and interrelation are not well understood,yet.Notably,a prevailing view recently indicates that galactic cosmic rays may result in climatic cooling through modulating global low cloud cover.However,its process and mechanism need to be further investigated.