新型杀毒剂——溴氯海因

天津大学化工学院近日成功研制出氯制剂系列消毒新产品——溴氯海因。该消毒剂能以接近分子状态攻击病毒,与传统杀毒荆相比,杀毒效果显著提高。溴氯海因是近年来国际上普遍采用的溴氯并用新型杀毒剂。

《特杀消毒剂》杀菌性能实验观察

《特杀消毒剂》主要成份为氯溴二甲基乙内酰脲，当有效氯含量为５０ｍｇ／ｌ时，分别对大肠杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌作用５分，１０分钟后，杀灭率均达９９．９９％，１８００ｍｇ／ｌ时对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用３０分钟杀灭率达１００．００５，１０００ｍｇ／ｌ作用２０分钟可破坏ＨＢｓＡｇ抗原性。于５４℃放置置１４天，有效氯含量下降率为８８．９％，对碳钢中度腐蚀。

Identification of Strawberry Anthracnose Pathogens and Screening of Germicides

[Objective] This study aimed to identify strawberry anthracnose pathogens and screen appropriate germicides. [Method] Strawberry anthracnose pathogens in Jurong City of Jiangsu Province were isolated and identified. The toxicities of sever-al germicides to Col etotrichum fragariae were determined with indoor mycelial growth inhibition assay. Field control test was preformed to further verify the control efficacy of germicides. [Result] The isolated strawberry anthracnose pathogenic strains were identified as C. gloeosporioide from genus Col etotrichum of subphylum Deuteromycotina. Prochloraz, pyrazole Kresoxim and hexaconazole al exhibited good indoor control effects; 25% pyrazole Kresoxim EC2000-fold solution, 24% azoxys-trobin＆#183;hexaconazole （azoxystrobin∶hexaconazole=1∶2） SC1500-fold solution and 25%prochloraz EC1000-fold solution al exhibited significant field control efficacy. [Con-clusion] The study provides reference for the alternate use of germicides in actual production.

视点

新型私人太空船媲美B-29轰炸机；科学家发现新的“太阳系”；世界第一种抗艾滋病杀毒剂试验失败；我国科学家研制出纤维纳米发电机；我国发现世界最小的树栖翼龙化石……

科学家利用转基因烟草制出抗HIV蛋白

美英两国科学家近日利用植物大量制造出一种蛋白，该蛋白有助于预防HIV的传播。该项研究向着开发出基于蛋白的商业HIV杀毒剂的目标又迈进了一步。相关论文于3月30日在线发表于美国《国家科学院院干吩。由美国和英国科学家组成的联合小组利用改良的烟草花叶病毒，向本氏烟草中引入了新基因，从而使其能够产生一种名为griffithsin（GRFT）的蛋白。

A Preliminary Study on Control Efficiency of New Nicotine Biopesticides against Pomegranate Aphids

In this study, toxicity and control efficiency of three nicotine biopesticides against pomegranate aphids were determined via indoor toxicity test and field effica- cy test, aiming at screening the appropriate reagent for prevention and control of pomegranate aphids. The results of indoor toxicity test showed that LC^o of reagent 1, reagent 2 and reagent 3 reached 10 270, 12 810 and 13 040 mg/L, respectively. The results of field efficacy test showed that control efficacy of reagent 1, reagent 2 and reagent 3 reached 60.52%, 34.60% and 46.99%, respectively. Overall, reagent 1 （91% ultrafine powder of tobacco leaves, 3% silicone oil, 2% sasangua cake, 2% emulsifier, 2% ascorbic acid） exhibited the highest control efficiency against pomegranate aphids, which can be further popularized and utilized.

Isolation and Characterization of a Dichlorvos-Degrading Strain DDV-1 of Ochrobactrum sp.

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate)-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium (strain DDV-1) was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrumsp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L-1 or 500 mg L-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% (v/v) strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Insecticide Carbaryl to Flounder Gill Cells and Its Teratogenicity to Zebrafish Embryos

In this study, we determined the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of carbamate insecticide carbaryl to flounder gill （FG） cells and its teratogenicity to zebrafish embryos. The cytotoxicity of carbaryl to FG cells was determined with methods including MTT and neutral red uptaking （NRU）, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） releasing and Hoechst 33342 and propidiurn idodide （PI） double staining. Moderate cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner was observed. The 24h-IC50 value of 53.48 ± 1.21, 59.13 ± 1.19 and 46.21 ± 1.24 mgL 1 carbaryl was obtained through MTT, NRU and LDH assays, respectively. Double fluorescence staining dem- onstrated that carbaryl induced the death of FG cells mainly through necrosis. There was no significant genotoxicity found in the FG cells exposed to the highest testing concentration of carbaryl （20mgL-1, P〉0.05） as was demonstrated by Comet assay. Zebrafish embryos exposed to carbaryl at concentrations 〉10 mg L-1 displayed moderate toxic effects on the survival, spontaneous movement, hatching, heart rates of the embryos and their development, which were evidenced by yolk and pericardial sac edemas, body length reduction and tail flexure in time- and concentration-dependent manners at specific stages. The 24h-, 48h- and 96h-LC50 values of carbaryl to zebra fish embryos were 41.80 ± 1.10, 17.80 ± 1.04 and 14.46 ± 1.05 mg L-1, respectively. These results suggested that car- baryl is moderately toxic to FG ceils cultured in vitro and zebrafish embryos, and the FG cells were similar to zebrafish embryos in their sensitivity to carbaryl as 24h-IC50 and LC50 indicated.

AcMNPV As A Model for Baculovirus DNA Replication

Baculoviruses were first identified as insect-specific pathogens, and it was this specificity that lead to their use as safe, target specific biological pesticides. For the past 30 years, AcMNPV has served as the subject of intense basic molecular research into the baculovirus infectious cycle including the interaction of the virus with a continuous insect cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda. The studies on baculoviruese have led to an in-depth understanding of the physical organization of the viral genomes including many complete genomic sequences, the time course of gene expression, and the application of this basic research to the use of baculoviruses not only as insecticides, but also as a universal eukaryotic protein expression system, and a potential vector in gene therapy. A great deal has also been discovered about the viral genes required for the replication of the baculovirus genome, while much remains to be learned about the mechanism of viral DNA replication. This report outlines the current knowledge of the factors involved in baculovirus DNA replication, using data on AcMNPV as a model for most members of the Baculoviridae.

Toxicity Screening of Several Fungicides on Tomato Basal Stem Rot

The toxicities of several fungicides to Pythium ultimum were determined by the method of mycelia growth. The results showed that hymexazol, Ovraclostrobin＋ Metiram, copper calcium sulphate, Thiophamate-merhyl and Famoxadone＋Cymoxanil all showed good inhibitory effects, of which Hymexazol was the best one with the ECho of 2.631 2 mg/L, followed by Ovractostrobin＋Metiram, whose ECso was 5.303 3 mg/L, and the effects of other fungicides were relatively poor. In the field fungicide screening test, the combination of 70% hymexazol wettable powder and 70% Thiophamate-merhyl had the control efficiency of 95.57%, which was better than the other test combinations, and it was applicable in the field control of tomato basal stem rot.

Effect of Industrial Effluents on Embryos of Lefteye Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The studies have been carried out in laboratory on the effect of dyeing,electroplating, pesticide effluents and their intermixture on embryos of lefteye flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus ). The main toxic substances in dying effluent are aniline ( 20 mg/L ) andphenol ( 24 mg/L ). The main toxic substances in electroplating effluent are Zn ( 1 970 mg/L ). Cu (9 mg/L ) and Pb ( 7.5 mg/L ). The main toxic substances in pesticide effluent are monocrotophos andphosphite. The test results indicate that the lowest concentrations of dyeing, electroplating,pesticide effluents and their intermixture, having significant effect on the hatch rate anddevelopment of P. olivaceus embryos, are 0.5 %, 0.15 %, 0.25 % and 0.25 %, respectively; and theincipient LC_(50) of dyeing, electroplating, pesticide effluents and their intermixture are 3.38 % (2.29 %～3.87 % ), 0.81 % ( 0.71 % ～0. 92 % ). 1.57 % ( 1.37 %～1.82 % ) and 1.48 % ( 1.24 %～1.76% ). Based on the incipient LG_(50) values, the toxicity sequence of the three industrial effluentsis in the order of electroplating effluent > pesticide effluent > dyeing effluent.

Acute toxicity of organochlorine insecticide endosulfan to the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrochium rosenbergii

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is highly toxic and effective at controlling pests in agriculture, horticulture, and public health programs. In this study, static bioassays were used to evaluate the toxicity of endosulfan to freshwater prawns( Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of various lengths(1.5±0.03,4±0.08, and 7±0.06 cm). Additionally, the activities of peroxidase(POD), acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and Na + /K +-ATPase were analyzed to refl ect the effects of endosulfan exposure. The 96 h LC 50 of endosulfan for prawns 1.5, 4, and 7 cm long were 1.86, 4.53,and 6.09μg/L, respectively, improved tolerance to endosulfan with growth. The POD activities of test organisms exposed to low concentrations of endosulfan were inhibited, indicating the presence of oxygen damaged tissue. Moreover, a notable decrease in AChE activity was observed due to overstimulation of neurotransmission, which might result in abnormal behavior. The effect caused by endosulfan on phosphatase production in the hepatopancreas of prawns 1.5, 4, and 7 cm long was different because the ability of nonspecifi c immune regulation increased with growth. The 96 h LC 50 values obtained in this study could be used in the formulation of water-quality criteria in China. Moreover, the changes in enzymes activities of M. rosenbergii under stress of endosulfan could be applied in the establishment of early warning indicators for bio-safety.

Toxicity of selected insecticides against nymph of whitefly （Bemisia tabaci Gennadius）

Bemisia tabaci is one of serious insect pests attacking vegetables and has been difficult to control using conventional insecticides. In the past 10 years, new insecticides have been introduced that provide a diversity of novel modes of action and routes of activity to effectively control whitefly. Consequently, intensive used of insecticides in vegetable cultivation has resulted in reduced susceptibility and develops resistance in agriculture industry. In controlling B. tabaci population, insecticides are the common method used by farmers. This study aimed to determine the most effective insecticide against B tabaci by using LC5o value. This study was conducted at the Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia with the controlled room temperature of 24.33 ± 0.14℃ with dark and light ratio of 1：1 （12 hours： 12 hours） is an ideal condition for rearing the insect. The hypothesis of the study is to test if insecticides can control the nymph of whitefly. A total of 50 two-day-old nymphs were treated with insecticides using leaf-dip bioassay procedure. This experiment was replicated three times. The survival rates of the nymphs were analyzed using analysis of variance （ANOVA）. Data on toxicity was analyzed by a special Probit Programme-Single Line Analysis based on Finney （1971）. There was a significant difference （df = 8, F = 85.84, P = 0.000） in survival rate of nymph ofB. tabaci to eight insecticides tested. Among the insecticides tested, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin and diafenthiuron showed significantly higher survival rate of nymph compared to other treatments. When LC50 values were compared for diafenthiuron which is less potent （LCs0 ---- 2.44）, abamectin was found to be 3.44 times more potent than diafenthiuron, followed by esfenvalerate,acetamiprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin and dimethoate, and the least potent was deltamethrin. The toxicity of eight insecticides tested against nymphs was in the following orders： abamectin = esfenvalerate = acetamiprid = profenofos =- chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin ≥ dimethoate ≥ deltamethrin 〉 diafenthiuron respectively. This study implies that a proper application of the insecticide is a key component to a successful control programme of insect oests.