In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 ...In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 as catalyst,the chloromethylation of dihydrosafrole (DHS) [94 58 6],and the etherification of chloromethyldihydrosafrole (CMDHS)[1938 32 5].The Cinnamomum Petrophilum Leaves Oil(CPL Oil) is an essential oil from leaves of a plant of Cinnamomum Petrophilum Nees.Chao.The PB is a synergist for pyrethrin insecticides.Thus,a mixture of 0.982 mol of CMDHS,1.27 moles of butyl carbitol,1.18 moles of NaOH was refluxed for 1.2 houres at 140℃ to give yield 84.4% of PB (purity≥89.5%).The total yield is 81.5% for CPL oil.After the wastewater of etherification was treated,CODCr can be reduced to 12 mg/L,colority can be reduced 46 time,pH can be changed to 8.展开更多
In this paper,we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.),and the mechanisms for the differences.The larvae of housefly were much more to...In this paper,we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.),and the mechanisms for the differences.The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults,and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain.Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae.The co\|toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4∶1) on pyrethroid\|resistant houseflies was 188.展开更多
Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of ...Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin between with and without other insecticides or synergists in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results of bioassay showed that horticultural mineral oil (HMO), hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos, and some other insecticides were synergistic to abamectin with 152.0-420.0 of co-toxicity coefficient(CTC) in some agricultural insect pests. In topical application tests, HMO or piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of abamectin in larvae of H. armigera, but the mortality was not affected by s,s,s-tributylphorotrithioate (DEF) and triphenylphosphate (TPP). The synergistic action of HMO was obviously higher than PBO, and when treated simultaneously with abamectin, HMO gave a more significant synergism than if treated 2 hours ahead. The highest synergistic effect (SE) was found in the mixture of ‘abamectin+HMO (1:206)'. The mortality did not increase or the toxicity drop, when a synergist or HMO was added into the mixture of ‘abamectin+HMO' or ‘abamectin+synergist', respectively. Results from the isotope tracing experiments showed that HMO significantly enhanced the penetration of ^3H-abamectin through the cuticle of H.armigera larvae, which resulted in the synergism of the mixture. The cuticular penetration of ^3H-abamectin was not accumulatively affected by chlorpyrifos, nor by hexaflumuron,though there was an inhibition within 30 seconds or 1 hour after treated by these two chemicals respectively. Results suggested that the synergism of abamectin mixed with hexaflumuron or chlorpyrifos might be related to inhibition of metabolic enzymes or target sites in the larvae.展开更多
文摘In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 as catalyst,the chloromethylation of dihydrosafrole (DHS) [94 58 6],and the etherification of chloromethyldihydrosafrole (CMDHS)[1938 32 5].The Cinnamomum Petrophilum Leaves Oil(CPL Oil) is an essential oil from leaves of a plant of Cinnamomum Petrophilum Nees.Chao.The PB is a synergist for pyrethrin insecticides.Thus,a mixture of 0.982 mol of CMDHS,1.27 moles of butyl carbitol,1.18 moles of NaOH was refluxed for 1.2 houres at 140℃ to give yield 84.4% of PB (purity≥89.5%).The total yield is 81.5% for CPL oil.After the wastewater of etherification was treated,CODCr can be reduced to 12 mg/L,colority can be reduced 46 time,pH can be changed to 8.
文摘In this paper,we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.),and the mechanisms for the differences.The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults,and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain.Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae.The co\|toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4∶1) on pyrethroid\|resistant houseflies was 188.
文摘Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin between with and without other insecticides or synergists in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results of bioassay showed that horticultural mineral oil (HMO), hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos, and some other insecticides were synergistic to abamectin with 152.0-420.0 of co-toxicity coefficient(CTC) in some agricultural insect pests. In topical application tests, HMO or piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of abamectin in larvae of H. armigera, but the mortality was not affected by s,s,s-tributylphorotrithioate (DEF) and triphenylphosphate (TPP). The synergistic action of HMO was obviously higher than PBO, and when treated simultaneously with abamectin, HMO gave a more significant synergism than if treated 2 hours ahead. The highest synergistic effect (SE) was found in the mixture of ‘abamectin+HMO (1:206)'. The mortality did not increase or the toxicity drop, when a synergist or HMO was added into the mixture of ‘abamectin+HMO' or ‘abamectin+synergist', respectively. Results from the isotope tracing experiments showed that HMO significantly enhanced the penetration of ^3H-abamectin through the cuticle of H.armigera larvae, which resulted in the synergism of the mixture. The cuticular penetration of ^3H-abamectin was not accumulatively affected by chlorpyrifos, nor by hexaflumuron,though there was an inhibition within 30 seconds or 1 hour after treated by these two chemicals respectively. Results suggested that the synergism of abamectin mixed with hexaflumuron or chlorpyrifos might be related to inhibition of metabolic enzymes or target sites in the larvae.
