诸葛亮、李严权争研究

刘备登基后,为搞权力平衡,曾大力扶持李严,在“托孤”时,明确指出“尚书令李严为副”。诸葛亮与李严发生了权力之争。通过此事件的剖析,可从新的侧面认识、了解政治家刘备、诸葛亮。诸葛亮击败李严后,对他采用了流放并基本保持原生活待遇水准,这在三国时期是极难得的。

政争、权争与派系之争:上海商总联会分裂原因初探

1921年上海商界总联合会分裂为以陈则民为代表的旧总会和以赵南公为中心的新总会,始则肇端于国民大会问题上的争执,继则加深于江苏省议会选举上的舞弊。政见的分歧是双方对立的基本原因,权力争夺是彼此角力的关键因素,商界内部的派系矛盾则是新、旧两总会摊牌的重要推手,在政争、权争与派系之争的背后,既掺杂着宁波帮与非宁波帮之间复杂的地缘因素,也存在着内部制度设计不合理、商联会成员社会成分复杂等组织缺陷。透过这一个案,不仅可以观察到商人团体参与政治的深度及其所受到的冲击,更能透视外部政治力量对商人团体的渗透及其所带来的影响。

罗马帝国的分裂——鲁菲努斯与斯提里科权争事件探微

鲁菲努斯和斯提里科的权争,是395年东西罗马帝国分裂伊始爆发的第一场重大权臣冲突。塞奥多西一世死后,斯提里科对东部摄政权的要求引发了以鲁菲努斯为首的东部政府的不满,使东西罗马帝国的关系趋于紧张。哥特人阿拉里克的反叛则导致了鲁菲努斯与斯提里科的直接碰撞,权争事件最终以鲁菲努斯被杀而告终,这一事件及其结果,造成了罗马帝国的政治动荡。结合罗马史家的记载及近现代学者的研究,对这一事件进行综合深入考察,对于分析罗马帝国晚期的政治局势、罗马帝国分裂之始的种种状况有着重要意义。

心有多宽,事业就有多大

领导者若存有嫉贤妒能(这里的贤或能,主要指同级或部属中的贤者或能者)之心,不但经常会遭到部属和群众的抱怨,而且也影响事业的发展,阻碍领导者的前途.嫉贤妒能之心并不都是自觉的.对潜意识、下意识中的嫉贤妒能,人们首先必须意识到、知觉到,才能在意识的层面上克服和转化它.嫉贤妒能之心一旦得以克服和转化,不但领导者的心胸宽阔了,而且克服和转化后的嫉贤妒能之心,往往会成为领导者对干部群众的爱心.

如何赢得服从(二)——“如何赢得领导权威”系列文章之一

授权、服从的心理转型 服从的周期越来越短.因此,也越来越需要反抗的满足.而这也能够继续赢得服从和巩固领导权威.但是,如果周期进一步缩短,我们总不能把每一天都变成节日吧!即使每一天都是节日,对反抗的满足,也不能变成"无组织,无纪律",某种最低限度的纪律、强制和要求.总之,领导权威是必要的和不可废除的.

体制缺失与南京国民政府初期的中外合办企业——以中国航空公司为中心的考察

中国航空公司作为南京国民政府引进技术、中外合办新实业的开端,在其筹办与发展过程中,美方对中方权益的掠夺与国民政府内部各利益集团之间的权争,充分暴露了南京国民政府初期引进外资政策与体制建设上的缺失。

北约成立之初的战略与美欧政治军事关系

美欧建立政治军事联盟的现实主义基础1949年4月4日,以美国为首的西方国家,其中包括加拿大、法国、比利时、卢森堡、英国、丹麦、荷兰、挪威、冰岛、葡萄牙、意大利等12国在华盛顿签订了北大西洋公约,宣布成立北大西洋公约组织,总部设在法国巴黎郊区。

AModeling Analysis of Local Governments Competing in Offering Subsidies to Attract Investment：the Cause of Industrial Overcapacity]

Although championed by academia and policy-makers, the theory of ＂wave phenomenon＂ is a questionable explanation for overcapacity. First, enterprises do not necessarily share the same expectation for future demand of a promising industry. Second, in its model, overcapacity is explained as a deviation from equilibrium under the incomplete information hypothesis, which is in fact nothing but normal in a market economy. The prime reason for overcapacity resides in the fact that local governments are engaged in a subsidy competition to attract investment. We endeavor to illustrate the following via modeling： the subsidy effect produced by local government＇s offering of cheaper land and matching loans results in less investment from companies. Under this circumstance, enterprises channel a disproportionate amount of funding to building production capacity, which overloads the entire industry. To address the problem, reforms are needed in land property, environmental protection policies, and financial and fiscal systems.

Intellectual Property： Access to Culture and Sustainable Competition

This paper deals with intellectual property protection problems in the information society, when it is so easy to access unauthorised content （to pirate）. Society does not care much about the damages of right owners. Internet is often considered as a ＂public place＂, and works on Internet are considered as ＂displayed in public places＂ from which a lawful restriction of rights is permitted. It promotes unfair competition and hinders the development of sustainable business. Lawful use of protected copyright content is a tool for ensuring equal and sustainable competition level among entrepreneurs. On Internet, there are many copyright-protected works available. Many members of society wish to get an access to these works, which means that a solution should be found. For private and non-commercial use, there should be reasonable limitations. Combating piracy on Intemet using enforcement tools alone does not yield results. Piracy should be placed in a frame accepted by a civilized society, and the society and authors should get the maximum benefits from it.

The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in China-from the perspective of law enforcement of rights and security in the South China Sea

China enjoys historic rights over the South China Sea. It has become a controversial sea area due to the loopholes in the modern law of the sea. It is competed by neighboring countries for its interests, which exacerbate the tense situation in China＇s enforcement of maritime rights protection and poses the serious threat to our country＇s sovereignty over the South China Sea. The article takes the South China Sea controversial maritime rights enforcement model as the starting point. It contrasts the status quo of maritime rights enforcement system both at home and abroad, and analyzes the existing laws and regulations of maritime rights protection system in our country, such as the imperfect laws and regulations, the unreasonable establishment of law enforcement agencies and the imperfect law enforcement system. It also puts forward the strategy and idea of perfecting the law enforcement system of maritime rights protection in our country, which is of far-reaching significance to the strategy of safeguarding the maritime rights and interests of China and building a maritime power.

Risk and Intellectual Property in Technical Standard Competition： A Game Theory Perspective

Technical standard is typically characterized by network effect.The key point for a technical standard is the consumers' choice,which is based on consumers' maximum benefits.When a technical standard becomes a national standard,its interests have been integrated into the national interests.National interests are divided into economic profits and security factors.From the perspective of consumers' choice,this paper deals with the main factors which affect the result of technical standard competition- the risk and profits of intellectual property based on the assumption of bounded rationality and dynamic game theory.

Strengthening Protection Of Proprietary Intellectual Property Rights and Implementation of Technology Standard Strategies

This article focuses on the current situation in technical research and development （R＆D） and proprietary intellectual property rights （IPRs） in China. Based on the situation of Far East Cable Company, it analyzes the significance of strengthening the protection of proprietary IPRs and implementing a strategy for technology standards and then discusses the actual work and future arrangement of proprietary IPRs and technology standard strategies. It points out that the enhancement of proprietary IPRs protection and implementation of technology standard strategies is the only way for enterprises to remain competitive.

Intergenerational Justice： Rights versus Fairness

Among various views on intergenerational justice, the most widely accepted theory invokes the rights of future generations. However, the rights theory seems to suffer from the non-identity problem addressed by Derek Parfit. Some rights theorists attempt to circumvent the problem by examining causal links between actions taken by preceding generations and their effects on succeeding ones, Others try to do so by replacing future individual rights with such collective rights. This paper argues that both individualist and collectivist versions of the rights theory fail to supply grounds for intergenerational concern. The paper then offers an alternative theory that refines the idea of duty of fair play developed by John Rawls and applies it to the context of intergenerational relationships. To begin with, I identify several characteristics of posterity and explicate the adverse implications these characteristics have for other major theories of intertemporal concern than the rights theory. Next, different versions of the rights theory are closely examined from the perspective of the non-identity problem. Then, I offer an alternative argument for caring about future people, which is founded on the idea of intergenerational fair play. This paper concludes by noting that the fairness theory, unlike its rivals, does not face the non-identity problem or any other problems stemming from the features of posterity previously identified.

放眼当下,心忧天下

1918年秋,任弼时考人长沙私立明德中学就读。在这里,任弼时认真学习,积极参加社会活动,多方面思考国家的前途命运。1918年10月,他眼见军阀混战,国家垂危,在作文《国庆纪念日感言》中不禁感慨辛亥革命后国内无休止的权争与战事,严厉坪击段祺瑞反动军阀政府.

Extending self-organizing maps for supervised classification of remotely sensed data

An extended self-organizing map for supervised classification is proposed in this paper. Unlike other traditional SOMs, the model has an input layer, a Kohonen layer, and an output layer. The number of neurons in the input layer depends on the dimensionality of input patterns. The number of neurons in the output layer equals the number of the desired classes. The number of neurons in the Kohonen layer may be a few to several thousands, which depends on the complexity of classification problems and the classification precision. Each training sample is expressed by a pair of vectors ： an input vector and a class codebook vector. When a training sample is input into the model, Kohonen＇s competitive learning rule is applied to selecting the winning neuron from the Kohouen layer and the weight coefficients connecting all the neurons in the input layer with both the winning neuron and its neighbors in the Kohonen layer are modified to be closer to the input vector, and those connecting all the neurons around the winning neuron within a certain diameter in the Kohonen layer with all the neurons in the output layer are adjusted to be closer to the class codebook vector. If the number of training sam- ples is sufficiently large and the learning epochs iterate enough times, the model will be able to serve as a supervised classifier. The model has been tentatively applied to the supervised classification of multispectral remotely sensed data. The author compared the performances of the extended SOM and BPN in remotely sensed data classification. The investigation manifests that the extended SOM is feasible for supervised classification.

China and the Remolding of International Human Rights Norms

The life cycle of international norms is not actually a process of emergence, diffusion and internalization. As is shown by the logic of argumentation and the relational logic of process- oriented constructivism, the development of intemational norms may take another approach, one of origination, diffusion and remolding. Through dialogues on norms, discourse critique, self-remolding and other means, China has enriched the practice of remolding international human rights norms with a human rights theory centered on the right to survive and develop, thereby providing a new approach and new angle of vision that allows non-Western countries to break away from the monist approach of norm development.

Anti-monopoly law in the compulsory licensing of intellectual property

As an incentive to innovation, intellectual property （IP） should be protected by law. However, as it is a key factor in market competition, it should also be subject to competition law. In most jurisdictions, restriction of competition related to IP rights is not a black and white question, and such rights are challenged only when the IP owners hold market power and when protection of their fights has a serious and unreasonable effect on competition. In assessing IP-related restriction of competition, we need to analyze several elements： we have to define the relevant markets, identify the parties concerned, determine their market share, assess the anti-competitive effects of the controls, etc.. China＇s existing legislation is not adequate to solve problems arising from IP-related restriction of competition. Nevertheless, the process of China＇s legislation on this issue shows clearly that the misuse of IP rights for the purpose of excluding or significantly restricting competition is not justifiable under competition law.

Universality of Competitive Networks in Complex Networks

The paper proposes a model which helps to investigate the competitive aspect of real networks in quantitative terms. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, it shows that the competitive model has the universality for a weighted network. The relation between parameters in the weighted network and the competitiveness in the competitive network is obtained by theoretical analysis. Based on the expression of the degree distribution of the competitive network, the strength and degree distributions of the weighted network can be calculated. The analytical solution reveals that the degree distribution of the weighted network is correlated with the increment and initial value of edge weights, which is verified by numerical simulations. Moreover, the evolving pattern of a clustering coefficient along with network parameters such as the size of a network, an updating coefficient, an initial weight and the competitiveness are obtained by further simulations.