The Blind Spot of the Sovereign Eye： On the Gaze in Merleau-Ponty and Lacan

In this essay I will explicate the gaze （le regard） and the ways in which it exceeds or transcends what we know as vision, the objectifying or representational power of the eyes. Building critically on Sartre, the gaze in Lacan and Merleau-Ponty is part of the technical apparatus used to describe the foundation, production, and reproduction of the subject. I will begin by discussing the role of visual perception in subject-formation in their respective work, differentiating between the Merleau-Pontian notion of the ＂gaze of the world,＂ i.e., the ways in which things cast their gaze upon us, and the Lacanian gaze as a manifestation of the scopic drive. Through an analysis of anamorphosis I will show （1） how the gaze evades the spectator, （2） what the relationship of the gaze is to the object petit a as the object of the scopic drive, and （3） how both Merleau-Ponty and Lacan require a movement that precedes and destabilizes the subject of intentional consciousness.

监狱惩罚机能及其限制

惩罚是监狱行刑的重要内容，是监狱存在的法律属性和本质机能，但是有些学者出于进化论的需要却把其解读为类似体罚和权力的代名词。现代社会条件下监狱惩罚本身具有正义、平等、人道和秩序的价值元素，而惩罚本身具有的这些元素是对惩罚内涵和外延的自我限制。另外，鉴于惩罚具有权力的外在性和表象性，所以必须明确惩罚的客体和监狱纪律的内容和属性，并基于理性主义对其权力的扩张性进行限制。