承袭与变通:元朝权摄官制度研究

金元之际,北方地区出现了大量权摄官。入元以后,元廷对权摄官的选任进行了规范,建立了较为完备的权摄官制度。从官员的种类看,元朝权摄官主要为州县管民官、学官与捕盗官。从地域分布上看,元朝权摄官主要分布于江南地区。就权摄官的族群来看,南人占据大部分,汉人亦占据相当比例,蒙古人和色目人很少。从权摄官的迁转情况上看,士人担任权摄官对其迁转作用并不突出。元朝权摄官制度在一定程度上有利于缓解阙官问题,一些权摄官还颇有作为,这有利于元朝国家治理活动的开展。元朝权摄官制度继承了唐宋摄官制度的基本框架,也加入了元朝蒙古统治者的某些变通,反映了元朝蒙古统治的特点。

Method of Semi Analytic Perturbation Weighted Residuals for Nonlinear Bending of Shallow Shells

The semi? analytic perturbation weighted residuals method was used to solve the nonlinear bending problem of shallow shells, and the fifth order B spline was taken as trial function to seek an efficient method for nonlinear bending problem of shallow shells. The results from the present method are in good agreement with those derived from other methods. The present method is of higher accuracy, lower computing time and wider adaptability. In addition, the design of computer program is simple and it is easy to be programmed.