Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the managem...Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the management mode issue of rural credit cooperatives in order to introduce investments, formulate the right struc-ture for rational stock and to establish effective monitoring mechanism for property right. Hence, information issuing would be reinforced and a rural credit cooperative would be established to be a modern financial enterprise with transparent property rights.展开更多
AIM： To study the clinical outcomes of medical therapy in patients with right colonic diverticulitis. METHODS： The records of 189 patients with right colonic diverticulitis which was finally diagnosed by computed to...AIM： To study the clinical outcomes of medical therapy in patients with right colonic diverticulitis. METHODS： The records of 189 patients with right colonic diverticulitis which was finally diagnosed by computed tomography, ultrasonography, or operative findings were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS： Of the 189 patients hospitalized for right colonic diverticulitis, the stages of diverticulitis by a modified Hinchey classification were 26 patients （13.8%） in stage 0, 139 patients （73.5%） in stage I a, 23 patients （12.2%） in stage I b, and 1 patient （0.5%） in stage Ⅲ. Medical therapy was undertaken in 185 of 189 patients （97.9%）. One hundred and eighty three of 185 patients were successfully treated with bowel rest and antibiotics. Two patients in stage I b required a resection or surgical drainage because of an inadequate response to conservative treatment. Recurrent diverticulitis developed in 15 of 183 patients （8.2%） who responded to medical therapy. All 15 patients who suffered a second attack had uncomplicated diverticulitis, and were successfully treated with medical therapy.CONCLUSION： Our results indicate that right colonic diverticulitis is essentially benign and image-guided conservative treatment is primarily required.展开更多
AIM： To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） measurement and contrast-to-noise （CNR） for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization （T...AIM： To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） measurement and contrast-to-noise （CNR） for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization （TACE） in a rabbit model. METHODS： Twelve New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver were treated with TACE. Diffusion-weighted imaging （DWI） with various b values was performed using the same protocol before and 3 d after treatment with TACE. ADC values and CNR of each tumor pre- and post-treatment with different b factors were analyzed. Correlation between ADC values and extent of necrosis in histological specimens was analyzed by a Pearson＇s correlation test.RESULTS： The quality of diffusion-weighted images diminished as the b value increased. A substantial decrease in the mean lesion-to-liver CNR was observed on both pre- and post-treatment DW images, the largest difference in CNR pre- and post-treatment was manifested at a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 （P = 0.036 ）. The effect of therapy on diffusion early after treatment was shown by a significant increase in ADCs （P = 0.007）, especially with large b factors （≥ 600 s/mm^2）. The mean percentage of necrotic cells present within the tumor was 76.3%-97.5%. A significant positive correlation was found between ADC values and the extent of necrosis with all b values except for b200, a higher relative coefficient between ADC values and percentage of necrosis was found on DWI with bl000 and b2000 （P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively）. CONCLUSION： An increasing b value of up to 600 s/mm^2 would increase ADC contrast pre- and post-treatment, but decrease image quality. Taking into account both CNR and ADC measurement, diffusion-weighted imaging obtained with a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 is recommended for monitoring early hepatic tumor response to TACE.展开更多
This essay examines the degree to which Kant＇s understanding of external freedom and right are consistent with and can form a part of his moral philosophy. In doing so, this essay begins by looking at the foundation ...This essay examines the degree to which Kant＇s understanding of external freedom and right are consistent with and can form a part of his moral philosophy. In doing so, this essay begins by looking at the foundation and possibility of moral experience as it is presented in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. This essay then turns to explore Kant＇s understanding of external freedom and right as set out in The Metaphysics of Morals and examines the apparent inconsistencies that exist between these concepts and Kant＇s explication of moral worth. After pointing out the distinction between right and morality, this essay goes on to argue that, strictly speaking, Kant＇s conception of external freedom and right cannot form part of his moral philosophy （as so defined in the Groundwork）. Finally, this essay concludes by arguing that although right and morality are irreconcilable, Kant＇s account of external freedom and right can nevertheless serve as part of his ＂moral＂ philosophy insofar as these concepts represent Kant＇s attempt to externalize the moral law, or simply expand the definition of morality to cover any action that accords with the right.展开更多
In this article, I examine the view that there is a human right to democracy, and consider why we should regard this issue as decisive in solving the problems of foreign interference in the protection of human rights....In this article, I examine the view that there is a human right to democracy, and consider why we should regard this issue as decisive in solving the problems of foreign interference in the protection of human rights. I also note that there has been almost no discussion about the holder of the human right to democracy, that is, who is to hold this right. After comparing John Rawls＇ argument against the human right to democracy and Thomas Christiano＇s argument for it and showing similarities and critical differences among their arguments, I insist that we ought to be sensitive when proclaiming that democracy--be it a minimally egalitarian democracy or a more exacting one--is a universal value. We have sufficient cause to consider carefully not only the political circumstances but also the political infrastructure of the country before we proceed to an even limited intervention in the name of the protection of a human right to democracy. If the human right to democracy is not just a right to vote, but a right to the whole process of establishment and enjoyment of democracy, it should be understood as a group right that pertains to a human population that legitimately claims political self-determination. Any human population that insists on the democratic self-determination of their political will is both able and entitled to establish and administer democratic institutions, regardless of the diversity of its ascribed or cultural characteristics. The establishment of such a group with a firm political identity should be considered as the political infrastructure to claim and exercise the human right to democracy.展开更多
Objective:The aim was to evaluate the role of whole body diffusion weighted imaging(WB-DWI) of magnetic resonance in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of malignant lymphoma.Methods:The clinical manifestation of wh...Objective:The aim was to evaluate the role of whole body diffusion weighted imaging(WB-DWI) of magnetic resonance in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of malignant lymphoma.Methods:The clinical manifestation of whole body diffusion weighted imaging of 47 patients with malignant lymphoma being pathologically proved were carried on by retrospective analysis and to compare with 10 healthy volunteers.There were 8 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma(HD) patients,of which WB-DWI examination of 5 cases were carried out before and after treatment and 3 cases were done after treatment.There were 39 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL) patients,of which WB-DWI examination in 19 cases were acted before treatment,11 cases were done before and after treatment and 9 cases done after treatment.In apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) diagram the ADC values of lymph nodes in patients with malignant lymphoma and healthy volunteers were measured respectively,among 16 patients the ADC values of parts of lymph node being consistent with the initial inspection were determined again and compared the values before and after,and compared with healthy volunteers.Results:Whole body magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging(MR-DWI) showed more sensitive to lymphoma,and 372 lymph nodes greater than 1 cm were detected with MR-DWI.Before treatment,mean ADC value of 35 patients with malignant lymphoma was(0.86 ± 0.21) × 10-3 mm2/s,of which an average ADC values of 28 cases after treatment was(1.22 ± 0.31) × 10-3 mm2/s,before and after treatment difference of the average ADC values of patients was statistically significant(P < 0.05);the average ADC value of cervical lymph nodes of 10 healthy volunteers(1.29 ± 0.12) × 10-3 mm2/s and of 30 patients with malignant lymphoma before treatment was statistically significant(P < 0.05),and to compare with 28 patients after treatment difference of the ADC values was not statistically significant(P > 0.05).Conclusion:WB-DWI and ADC values being measured in the clinical diagnosis of malignant lymphoma,staging and evaluation of efficacy of monitoring is a fast and effective technology,with some clinical value.展开更多
＂The Maritime Silk Road＂, part of China＇s maritime power strategy, will safeguard the realization of ＂Chinese Dream＂. ＂The Maritime Silk Road＂ needs desperately legal guarantee of State＇s marine rights and int...＂The Maritime Silk Road＂, part of China＇s maritime power strategy, will safeguard the realization of ＂Chinese Dream＂. ＂The Maritime Silk Road＂ needs desperately legal guarantee of State＇s marine rights and interest. The primary target of this paper is to put forward several suggestions on the legal guarantee of maritime rights protection based on analyzing the present situation of China legal system.展开更多
基金Supported by Key Research Topic by Anhui Administrative College(YJKT0910ZD02)~~
文摘Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the management mode issue of rural credit cooperatives in order to introduce investments, formulate the right struc-ture for rational stock and to establish effective monitoring mechanism for property right. Hence, information issuing would be reinforced and a rural credit cooperative would be established to be a modern financial enterprise with transparent property rights.
基金Supported by The research paper scholarship of the graduate school of Kyung Hee University in the second semester of 2007
文摘AIM： To study the clinical outcomes of medical therapy in patients with right colonic diverticulitis. METHODS： The records of 189 patients with right colonic diverticulitis which was finally diagnosed by computed tomography, ultrasonography, or operative findings were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS： Of the 189 patients hospitalized for right colonic diverticulitis, the stages of diverticulitis by a modified Hinchey classification were 26 patients （13.8%） in stage 0, 139 patients （73.5%） in stage I a, 23 patients （12.2%） in stage I b, and 1 patient （0.5%） in stage Ⅲ. Medical therapy was undertaken in 185 of 189 patients （97.9%）. One hundred and eighty three of 185 patients were successfully treated with bowel rest and antibiotics. Two patients in stage I b required a resection or surgical drainage because of an inadequate response to conservative treatment. Recurrent diverticulitis developed in 15 of 183 patients （8.2%） who responded to medical therapy. All 15 patients who suffered a second attack had uncomplicated diverticulitis, and were successfully treated with medical therapy.CONCLUSION： Our results indicate that right colonic diverticulitis is essentially benign and image-guided conservative treatment is primarily required.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China, NO. 30470503The Key Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, NO. 04JC14074The Foundation of Shanghai Educational commission, NO. 03J405037
文摘AIM： To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） measurement and contrast-to-noise （CNR） for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization （TACE） in a rabbit model. METHODS： Twelve New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver were treated with TACE. Diffusion-weighted imaging （DWI） with various b values was performed using the same protocol before and 3 d after treatment with TACE. ADC values and CNR of each tumor pre- and post-treatment with different b factors were analyzed. Correlation between ADC values and extent of necrosis in histological specimens was analyzed by a Pearson＇s correlation test.RESULTS： The quality of diffusion-weighted images diminished as the b value increased. A substantial decrease in the mean lesion-to-liver CNR was observed on both pre- and post-treatment DW images, the largest difference in CNR pre- and post-treatment was manifested at a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 （P = 0.036 ）. The effect of therapy on diffusion early after treatment was shown by a significant increase in ADCs （P = 0.007）, especially with large b factors （≥ 600 s/mm^2）. The mean percentage of necrotic cells present within the tumor was 76.3%-97.5%. A significant positive correlation was found between ADC values and the extent of necrosis with all b values except for b200, a higher relative coefficient between ADC values and percentage of necrosis was found on DWI with bl000 and b2000 （P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively）. CONCLUSION： An increasing b value of up to 600 s/mm^2 would increase ADC contrast pre- and post-treatment, but decrease image quality. Taking into account both CNR and ADC measurement, diffusion-weighted imaging obtained with a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 is recommended for monitoring early hepatic tumor response to TACE.
文摘This essay examines the degree to which Kant＇s understanding of external freedom and right are consistent with and can form a part of his moral philosophy. In doing so, this essay begins by looking at the foundation and possibility of moral experience as it is presented in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. This essay then turns to explore Kant＇s understanding of external freedom and right as set out in The Metaphysics of Morals and examines the apparent inconsistencies that exist between these concepts and Kant＇s explication of moral worth. After pointing out the distinction between right and morality, this essay goes on to argue that, strictly speaking, Kant＇s conception of external freedom and right cannot form part of his moral philosophy （as so defined in the Groundwork）. Finally, this essay concludes by arguing that although right and morality are irreconcilable, Kant＇s account of external freedom and right can nevertheless serve as part of his ＂moral＂ philosophy insofar as these concepts represent Kant＇s attempt to externalize the moral law, or simply expand the definition of morality to cover any action that accords with the right.
文摘In this article, I examine the view that there is a human right to democracy, and consider why we should regard this issue as decisive in solving the problems of foreign interference in the protection of human rights. I also note that there has been almost no discussion about the holder of the human right to democracy, that is, who is to hold this right. After comparing John Rawls＇ argument against the human right to democracy and Thomas Christiano＇s argument for it and showing similarities and critical differences among their arguments, I insist that we ought to be sensitive when proclaiming that democracy--be it a minimally egalitarian democracy or a more exacting one--is a universal value. We have sufficient cause to consider carefully not only the political circumstances but also the political infrastructure of the country before we proceed to an even limited intervention in the name of the protection of a human right to democracy. If the human right to democracy is not just a right to vote, but a right to the whole process of establishment and enjoyment of democracy, it should be understood as a group right that pertains to a human population that legitimately claims political self-determination. Any human population that insists on the democratic self-determination of their political will is both able and entitled to establish and administer democratic institutions, regardless of the diversity of its ascribed or cultural characteristics. The establishment of such a group with a firm political identity should be considered as the political infrastructure to claim and exercise the human right to democracy.
文摘Objective:The aim was to evaluate the role of whole body diffusion weighted imaging(WB-DWI) of magnetic resonance in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of malignant lymphoma.Methods:The clinical manifestation of whole body diffusion weighted imaging of 47 patients with malignant lymphoma being pathologically proved were carried on by retrospective analysis and to compare with 10 healthy volunteers.There were 8 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma(HD) patients,of which WB-DWI examination of 5 cases were carried out before and after treatment and 3 cases were done after treatment.There were 39 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL) patients,of which WB-DWI examination in 19 cases were acted before treatment,11 cases were done before and after treatment and 9 cases done after treatment.In apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) diagram the ADC values of lymph nodes in patients with malignant lymphoma and healthy volunteers were measured respectively,among 16 patients the ADC values of parts of lymph node being consistent with the initial inspection were determined again and compared the values before and after,and compared with healthy volunteers.Results:Whole body magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging(MR-DWI) showed more sensitive to lymphoma,and 372 lymph nodes greater than 1 cm were detected with MR-DWI.Before treatment,mean ADC value of 35 patients with malignant lymphoma was(0.86 ± 0.21) × 10-3 mm2/s,of which an average ADC values of 28 cases after treatment was(1.22 ± 0.31) × 10-3 mm2/s,before and after treatment difference of the average ADC values of patients was statistically significant(P < 0.05);the average ADC value of cervical lymph nodes of 10 healthy volunteers(1.29 ± 0.12) × 10-3 mm2/s and of 30 patients with malignant lymphoma before treatment was statistically significant(P < 0.05),and to compare with 28 patients after treatment difference of the ADC values was not statistically significant(P > 0.05).Conclusion:WB-DWI and ADC values being measured in the clinical diagnosis of malignant lymphoma,staging and evaluation of efficacy of monitoring is a fast and effective technology,with some clinical value.
文摘＂The Maritime Silk Road＂, part of China＇s maritime power strategy, will safeguard the realization of ＂Chinese Dream＂. ＂The Maritime Silk Road＂ needs desperately legal guarantee of State＇s marine rights and interest. The primary target of this paper is to put forward several suggestions on the legal guarantee of maritime rights protection based on analyzing the present situation of China legal system.
