朴刀、杆棒、子母炮辨疑

针对石昌渝先生撰文指出的朴刀、杆棒“是民间打斗通常使用的器械” ,朴刀即博刀、刀即畲刀 ,子母炮就是明代从葡萄牙输进的“佛郎机”细加辨析 ,从而得出令人信服的结论 :朴刀、杆棒理应是兵器 ,朴刀决不是畲刀 ,子母炮是《水浒传》作者简单想象的产物。

诸宫调的作家和作品

甲:作家 诸宫调作家多数是民间艺人。他们既是诸宫调艺术的说唱者,又是作者。在长年累月冲州撞府到处献艺的过程中,他们逐渐增长了见识,提高了文化,丰富了艺术修养,具备了创作能力。象洪惠英(见《夷坚志》)那样的艺人,能够在说唱过程中插入自编述怀小曲,当然也可以写出作品来。大部分诸宫调作品,本是艺人自编的供说唱用的底本。在《董西厢》内,董解元一再提到“话儿不是朴刀杆棒,长枪大马”,“

武術與戲曲

中國戲曲運用歌與舞,也就是唱、唸、做、打等多種藝術手段,來表現人物的動作,展示人物的性格。在世界藝術之林中,自成獨特的戲劇,究其成功原因之一,是中華武術對它的滋養和哺育。武術不僅爲戲曲提供了武打技術,而且影響了戲曲的內容和觀眾的好尚。

水浒传中的武技与武器

《水浒传》中有大量的武打内容,有关古代武艺的描写自是不可缺少,其中提炼了当时军中和民间的诸多真实素材,创造出了众多绘声绘色、惟妙惟肖的武勇人物和打斗场面。可以说,《水浒传》在这方面所取得的成就,如果不说绝后的话,至少也是空前的。《水浒》的成功离不开武术用语的切当运用,了解这些武术用语,对深入认识故事情节及人物特征大有裨益。在此我们撷取几例加以说明,供读者参考体味。

高楼失火自救新招

高楼,特别是高楼中上部失火后,受灾的住户居民如何自救,近年来一直是国际灾难学界的热门话题。 “休氏跳楼法” 世界灾难学者曾提出不少“自救”技巧,其中,休斯在1991年提出的人们意想不到的“软家具加重物”的廖窍,获得了专家们赞扬。

Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to Enhance L-ornithine Production by Gene Knockout and Comparative Proteomic Analysis

Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum was constructed for L-ornithine production by disrupting genes of argF and proB to prevent the flux away from L-ornithine.Effect of the inactivation of 2-oxoglutarate de-hydrogenase complex(ODHC) on L-ornithine production was also investigated.It was found that the inactivation of ODHC by knockout of the kgd gene enhanced L-ornithine production.The engineered C.glutamicum ATCC13032(ΔargFΔproBΔkgd) produced L-ornithine up to 4.78 g·L-1 from 0.24 g·L-1 of the wild-type strain.In order to understand the mechanism of L-ornithine production in C.glutamicum ATCC13032(ΔargFΔproBΔkgd) and find out new strategies for further enhancing L-ornithine production,the comparative proteome between the wild-type and the engineered strain was analyzed.L-Ornithine overproduction in the engineered strain was related to the up-regulation of the expression levels of enzymes involved in L-ornithine biosynthesis pathway and down-regulation of the expression levels of proteins involved in pentose phosphate pathway.The overexpression of genes in the upstream pathway of glutamate to increase the availability of endogenous glutamate may further in-crease ornithine production in the engineered C.glutamicum and the ornithine synthesis enzymes(ArgCJBD) may not be the limiting enzymes in the engineered C.glutamicum.

Three-stage fermentation and kinetic modeling of bioflocculant by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Fermentation of bioflocculant with Corynebacterium glutamicum was studied by way of kinetic modeling.Lorentzian modified Logistic model, time-corrected Luedeking–Piret and Luedeking–Piret type models were proposed and applied to describe the cell growth, bioflocculant synthesis and consumption of substrates, with the correlation of initial biomass concentration and initial glucose concentration, respectively. The results showed that these models could well characterize the batch culture process of C. glutamicum at various initial glucose concentrations from 10.0 to 17.5 g·L-1. The initial biomass concentration could shorten the lag time of cell growth,while the maximum biomass concentration was achieved only at the optimal initial glucose concentration of16.22 g·L-1. A novel three-stage fed-batch strategy for bioflocculant production was developed based on the model prediction, in which the lag phase, quick biomass growth and bioflocculant production stages were sequentially proceeded with the adjustment of glucose concentration and dissolved oxygen. Biomass of2.23 g·L-1was obtained and bioflocculant concentration was enhanced to 176.32 mg·L-1, 18.62% and403.63% higher than those in the batch process, respectively, indicating an efficient fed-batch culture strategy for bioflocculant production.

Numerical Classification of Brevibacterium and Related Genera Using Linocin M18 Bacteriocin

Fifty bacterial strains isolated from dairy product, skin and blood from cancer and kidney failure dialysis patients were identified to 22 species and the following genera： Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Actinomyces, Exiguobacterium, Kocuria, Micrococcus, Rothia, Rhodococcus and classified numerically using a set of 52 phenetic characteristics, using simple matching coefficient （Ssm） and clustering method of unweighted average linkage between groups by SPSS program. They were also grouped to 7 main clusters and 29 sub-clusters in the hierarchical tree. Twelve isolates of the different species from the genera Brevibacterium, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Kocuria, Rhodococcus, Rothia were selected from the taxonomic clusters and probed for lin gene by peR. One species Kocuria rhizophila which inhibited most of the test organism did not have lin gene in the chromosome while the species Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, Arthrobacter comminsii, Arthrobacter oxydans have the lin gene. Our results establish a wide distribution of the structural gene encoding this Iinocin M 18 within coryneform bacteria and also in the genus Kocuria.

南宋“说话”四家数

宋代“说话”行业是城市商品买卖之一,说话业的繁荣发展和它的分工之细,是由宋代商业经济的繁荣发展和分工之细所决定的。北宋城市经济已极繁荣,南渡后,商业资本更加发达,商业竞争亦愈演愈烈。各行各业的分工也就愈细。依《咸淳临安志》及《武林旧事》所记临安最著名商行有药市、珠子市、肉市、鱼行、花市、米市、菜市、布行等等,而为市民娱乐的伎艺也更为多样化,据《武林旧事》所载各种伎艺人就有五百十四人,伎艺五十五种。其中有些伎艺分工很细,如“傀儡”。

Metabolic engineering and flux analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum for L-serine production

L-Serine plays a critical role as a building block for cell growth, and thus it is difficult to achieve the direct fermentation of L-serine from glucose. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 was engineered de novo by blocking and at- tenuating the conversion of L-serine to pyruvate and glycine, releasing the feedback inhibition by L-serine to 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase （PGDH）, in combination with the co-expression of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase （PGK） and feedback-resistant PGDH （PGDHr）. The resulting strain, SER-8, exhibited a lower specific growth rate and significant differ- ences in L-serine levels from Phase I to Phase V as determined for fed-batch fermentation. The intracellular L-serine pool reached （14.22_＋1.41） ~trnol gcoM-1, which was higher than glycine pool, contrary to fermentation with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, metabolic flux analysis demonstrated that the over-expression of PGK directed the flux of the pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） towards the glycolysis pathway （EMP）, and the expression of PGDHr improved the L-serine biosynthesis pathway. In addition, the flux from L-serine to glycine dropped by 24%, indicating that the deletion of the activator GlyR re- sulted in down-regulation of serine hydroxymethyltransferase （SHMT） expression. Taken together, our findings imply that L-serine pool management is fundamental for sustaining the viability of C. glutamicum, and improvement of C1 units genera- tion by introducing the glycine cleavage system （GCV） to degrade the excessive glycine is a promising target for L-serine pro- duction in C. glutamicum.

Case Report:Bacteremia due to Rhodococcus equi:a case report and review of the literature

Rhodococcus equi, previously known as Corynebacterium equi, is one of the most important causes of zoonotic infections in grazing animals. Increased cases of human infection with R. equi have been reported, especially in immunocompromised patients, within recent years. We present a case of R. equi bacteremia in a 51-year-old man with diabetes and liver cirrhosis, on long-term corticosteroid therapy after skin-grafting surgery. The patient recovered soon after he was treated with vancomycin. This review focuses on the microbiological characteristics of this organism, and the diagnosis and treatment of this infection.

Strategies used for genetically modifying bacterial genome: site-directed mutagenesis, gene inactivation, and gene over-expression

With the availability of the whole genome sequence of Escherichia coli or Corynebacterium glutamicum, strategies for directed DNA manipulation have developed rapidly. DNA manipulation plays an important role in understanding the function of genes and in constructing novel engineering bacteria according to requirement. DNA manipulation involves modifying the autologous genes and expressing the heterogenous genes. Two alternative approaches, using electroporation linear DNA or recombinant suicide plasmid, allow a wide variety of DNA manipulation. However, the over-expression of the desired gene is generally executed via plasmid-mediation. The current review summarizes the common strategies used for genetically modifying E. coli and C. glutamicum genomes, and discusses the technical problem of multi-layered DNA manipulation. Strategies for gene over-expression via integrating into genome are proposed. This review is intended to be an accessible introduction to DNA manipulation within the bacterial genome for novices and a source of the latest experimental information for experienced investigators.

Estimation of rod-like phase spacing in melt-grown eutectic composites

Directional solidification of rod-like eutectic is an important route to produce in situ composites.The rod-like phase spacing of composites is a crucial parameter in determining the properties of the materials.In this study,the rod-like phase spacing of melt-grown in situ eutectic composites is estimated by the method that is established based on the classical Jackson-Hunt theory and completed by considering the minimum undercooling principle in eutectic solidification at steady state.The density difference between the solid phases is also considered when calculating the diffusion field in the liquid.It is found that the rod-like phase spacing of in situ eutectic composites is generally a not unique value but displays a finite range under fixed growth conditions.Also,the range width,which decreases with increasing growth rate and vice versa,is only dependent on the intrinsic properties of an alloy at a given growth rate.By comparing with the experimental observations,the results show that the predicted spacings are in reasonable agreement with experimental data for nonfaceted-nonfaceted Succinonitrile-(D)camphor,MnSb-Sb,and Al-Al3Ni alloys and faceted-nonfaceted MnBi-Bi system when growing in a coupled manner.