20“”“”21“”“”“”20“”“”“” : “” In an essay written in the 1950s, Qian Gurong noted that Gorky once suggested calling literature “the study of man.” He went on to argue that Gorky was the first to h...20“”“”21“”“”“”20“”“”“” : “” In an essay written in the 1950s, Qian Gurong noted that Gorky once suggested calling literature “the study of man.” He went on to argue that Gorky was the first to have put forward this proposition. In the twenty-first century, Qian added the comment that “Rights to the statement 'Literature is the study of man' should go to H. Taine.” In this paper, I argue that in fact, Gorky never suggested calling literature “the study of man,” nor did Taine ever say in so many words “Literature is the study of man.” Nevertheless, it certainly took extraordinary courage and talent for Qian Gurong to have put forward this proposition and expounded on the “humane” character of literature given the political and literary situation of China in the 1950s. His act was of more than usual significance, for it had an enormously positive influence on literary creation and research in the succeeding half century. At the same time, it is worth noting that the proposition “Literature is the study of man” is not justifiable in terms of the principles of logic. In the new century, as we examine this proposition more rigorously, we can see its deficiencies more clearly: that is, man is the center, rather than the sole object, of literary description; man is a measure, rather than the sole measure, of literary criticism. Besides, literature should follow its own particular laws.展开更多
Systematic analyses were conducted including the petrographic features, major and trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, and mineral structure and compositions of whole rocks. Mid-Pacific Mountain volcanic r...Systematic analyses were conducted including the petrographic features, major and trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, and mineral structure and compositions of whole rocks. Mid-Pacific Mountain volcanic rocks are mainly phonotephrite with a porphyritic texture. Phenocrysts are mainly composed of Ca-rich plagioclase, clinopyroxene and nepheline.These volcanic rocks are significantly rich in large-ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, without obvious Eu anomalies(δEu=0.99–1.03), and with relatively enriched^(87) Sr/^(86) Sr(0.703829–0.704313) and^(143) Nd/^(144) Nd isotopic ratios(0.512857–0.512871), suggesting that they have similar but more enriched features than the OIB magmatic source. These volcanic rocks may originate from relatively deep magma source with the existence of spinel-garnet Iherzolites, and have undergone partial melting at a low degree of 1–3%. In addition, The residual Nb-Ta minerals(such as sphene, rutile, perovskite) may remain in the mantle source, and the magma components have undergone metasomatism by carbonate melt/fluid or alkali-rich fluid, causing high contents of incompatible elements and significant loss of Nb, Ta and Ti in these volcanic rocks. There are many similarities between the phonotephrites in the Mid-Pacific Mountain and the volcanic rocks in the Line Islands based on the tectonic settings and the geochemical characteristics. We thus speculate that Site 313 volcanic rocks in the Mid-Pacific Mountain is most likely to be a continuation of the Line Islands.展开更多
文摘20“”“”21“”“”“”20“”“”“” : “” In an essay written in the 1950s, Qian Gurong noted that Gorky once suggested calling literature “the study of man.” He went on to argue that Gorky was the first to have put forward this proposition. In the twenty-first century, Qian added the comment that “Rights to the statement 'Literature is the study of man' should go to H. Taine.” In this paper, I argue that in fact, Gorky never suggested calling literature “the study of man,” nor did Taine ever say in so many words “Literature is the study of man.” Nevertheless, it certainly took extraordinary courage and talent for Qian Gurong to have put forward this proposition and expounded on the “humane” character of literature given the political and literary situation of China in the 1950s. His act was of more than usual significance, for it had an enormously positive influence on literary creation and research in the succeeding half century. At the same time, it is worth noting that the proposition “Literature is the study of man” is not justifiable in terms of the principles of logic. In the new century, as we examine this proposition more rigorously, we can see its deficiencies more clearly: that is, man is the center, rather than the sole object, of literary description; man is a measure, rather than the sole measure, of literary criticism. Besides, literature should follow its own particular laws.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41476034,41272369,40802038,41320104006&41302102)
文摘Systematic analyses were conducted including the petrographic features, major and trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, and mineral structure and compositions of whole rocks. Mid-Pacific Mountain volcanic rocks are mainly phonotephrite with a porphyritic texture. Phenocrysts are mainly composed of Ca-rich plagioclase, clinopyroxene and nepheline.These volcanic rocks are significantly rich in large-ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, without obvious Eu anomalies(δEu=0.99–1.03), and with relatively enriched^(87) Sr/^(86) Sr(0.703829–0.704313) and^(143) Nd/^(144) Nd isotopic ratios(0.512857–0.512871), suggesting that they have similar but more enriched features than the OIB magmatic source. These volcanic rocks may originate from relatively deep magma source with the existence of spinel-garnet Iherzolites, and have undergone partial melting at a low degree of 1–3%. In addition, The residual Nb-Ta minerals(such as sphene, rutile, perovskite) may remain in the mantle source, and the magma components have undergone metasomatism by carbonate melt/fluid or alkali-rich fluid, causing high contents of incompatible elements and significant loss of Nb, Ta and Ti in these volcanic rocks. There are many similarities between the phonotephrites in the Mid-Pacific Mountain and the volcanic rocks in the Line Islands based on the tectonic settings and the geochemical characteristics. We thus speculate that Site 313 volcanic rocks in the Mid-Pacific Mountain is most likely to be a continuation of the Line Islands.
