雅砻江源的奇观——石渠松格嘛呢石经城

四川省甘孜藏族自治州石渠县雅砻江源的草原上,矗立着一座完全用嘛呢石刻垒砌起来的石经城。该石经城无论其规模或价值目前在青藏高原尚属绝无仅有,是一个罕见的世界奇观。本文是对这座嘛呢石经城进行初步实地勘察的一个简报。

解析“松格嘛呢城”及其格萨尔信仰

"松格嘛呢"是坐落在四川省甘孜州石渠县的一座嘛呢城的称谓。文章解析了松格嘛呢城及其格萨尔信仰,认为松格嘛呢城开始堆砌于十八世纪,经过漫长的岁月发展到今天的规模,是当年佛教借助藏族英雄史诗"格萨尔"的影响力寻求发展的产物,反映的是经藏传佛教宁玛派改造后的格萨尔信仰。格萨尔在当地的信仰中以宁玛派主要护法神的身份出现,但从信众的信仰心理来看,又与改造前的格萨尔信仰没有本质的区别。

神灵栖居的地方 石渠巴格玛尼墙和松格玛尼城

在康巴藏族集聚的甘孜州西北部,石渠是一个被人忽略已久的地方。近年来,当它附近的德格、巴塘、理塘等都已成为都市人热衷的雪域藏区旅游胜地时,石渠依然处于被人遗忘的边缘,在寂寞中保持着神秘的尊严。对石渠这个孤悬于四川西北部,

《格萨尔》石刻艺术的调查与思考

《格萨尔》史诗是一部活形态的民间文化。它之所以是活的民间文化,是因为有大量的有关《格萨尔》的文化形态仍在民间流传与延续,其中《格萨尔》石刻艺术以其独特的文化特征展示在世人面前,而以四川甘孜州丹巴县的莫斯卡和石渠县的巴格嘛呢墙、松格嘛呢城的《格萨尔》石刻画最为典型,对它们的发掘和研究,是《格萨尔》学学科建设中一个不可忽视的支撑点。

A new methodology for estimating forest NPP based on forest in-ventory data——a case study of Chinese pine forest

Accurately estimating forest net primary productivity (NPP) plays an important role in study of global carbon budget. A NPP model reflecting the synthetic effects of both biotic (forest stand age, A and stem volume, V) and climatic factors (mean annual actual evapotranspiration, E) was developed for Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest by making full use of Forest Inventory Data (FID) and dynamically assessing forest productivity. The NPP of Chinese pine forest was estimated by using this model and the fourth FID (1989–1993), and the spatial pattern of NPP of Chinese pine forest was given by Geography Information System (GIS) software. The results indicated that mean NPP value, of Chinese pine forest was 7.82 t m?2·a?1 and varied at the range of 3.32–11.87 t hm?2·a?1. NPP distribution of Chinese pine forests was significantly different in different regions, higher in the south and lower in the north of China. In terms of the main distribution regions of Chinese pine, the NPPs of Chinese pine forest in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces were in middle level, with an average NPP of 7.4 t hm?2·a?1, that in the southern and the eastern parts (e.g. Shichuang Hunan, Henan, and Liaoning provinces) was higher (over 7.7 t hm?2·a?1), and that in the northern part and western part (e.g. Neimenggu and Ningxia provinces) was lower (below 5 t hm?2·a?1). This study provides an efficient way for using FID to understand the dynamics of foest NPP and evaluate its effects on global climate change. Keywords Forest NPP - Forest inventory data - Chinese pine forest - Climatic and biotic NPP model - Spatial distribution pattern CLC number S727.22 - S757.2 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30028001, 49905005), National Key Basic Research Specific Foundation (G1999043407); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSC2-1-07).Biography: ZHAO Min (1973-), female, Ph. D. in Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

国外书讯

近几年来,日本出版了有关突厥语族语言的一些书,现分别简介如下: 《现代维吾尔语1500常用词》 突厥语言学家竹内和夫教授编,1985年底由东京“大学书林”(出版社)出版发行。 该《常用词》是根据我国出版的《维语识字课本》(1981年)中的常用词,并参照《维汉词典》(1982年)编成。共分词汇、现代维尔语概述(包括文字、语音及语法要点),

最爱小地方 令人怦然心动的8个角落

如果你厌倦了那些游人络绎不绝、大家耳熟能详的名山大川,那么,不妨把你的足迹延伸,看看这些小地方中隐藏着的别样的山和别样的水,当然,或许还有别样的人也能让你惊艳。不管地图上是否能够找到,这里有更美的风景。

石刻艺术王国——石渠

石渠,县城海拔4265米,被誉为＂生命的禁区＂。是四川省海拔最高、最远、面积最大的县。这里是石刻艺术王国,千年唐蕃古道。世界最美湿地,是吉祥的太阳部落。地处川青藏三省（区）结合部的石渠县,幅员面积25191平方公里。＂两山环抱,两江纵横＂,雅砻江、金沙江穿境而过,大小河流密布。石渠,藏语称为＂扎溪卡＂,

Strain Relaxation Related Photoluminescence Bands in Ge/Si Short Period Superlattices

Pure-Ge/Si short period superlattice (SPS) grown by gas source MBE (GSMBE) is studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. An abnormal band in photoluminescence is found in an intermediate range of Lsi between 1.9 nm-2.9 nm for samples with LGe fixed at 1.5 ml. In contrast to a pure-Ge/Si quantum well, the energy of the band shows red-shift as Lsi increases. Raman scattering shows that Si-Si vibration related Raman shift reaches a minimum for samples with strongest PL intensity of the abnormal band. It is therefore concluded that the abnormal band is related with strain relaxation process.

Distributed Chunk-Based Optimization for MultiCarrier Ultra-Dense Networks

In this paper,a distributed chunkbased optimization algorithm is proposed for the resource allocation in broadband ultra-dense small cell networks.Based on the proposed algorithm,the power and subcarrier allocation problems are jointly optimized.In order to make the resource allocation suitable for large scale networks,the optimization problem is decomposed first based on an effective decomposition algorithm named optimal condition decomposition(OCD) algorithm.Furthermore,aiming at reducing implementation complexity,the subcarriers are divided into chunks and are allocated chunk by chunk.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves more superior performance than uniform power allocation scheme and Lagrange relaxation method,and then the proposed algorithm can strike a balance between the complexity and performance of the multi-carrier Ultra-Dense Networks.

Improvement of Lagrangian relaxation performance for open pit mines constrained long-term production scheduling problem

Constrained long-term production scheduling problem(CLTPSP) of open pit mines has been extensively studied in the past few decades due to its wide application in mining projects and the computational challenges it poses become an NP-hard problem.This problem has major practical significance because the effectiveness of the schedules obtained has strong economical impact for any mining project.Despite of the rapid theoretical and technical advances in this field,heuristics is still the only viable approach for large scale industrial applications.This work presents an approach combining genetic algorithms(GAs) and Lagrangian relaxation(LR) to optimally determine the CLTPSP of open pit mines.GAs are stochastic,parallel search algorithms based on the natural selection and the process of evolution.LR method is known for handling large-scale separable problems; however,the convergence to the optimal solution can be slow.The proposed Lagrangian relaxation and genetic algorithms(LR-GAs) combines genetic algorithms into Lagrangian relaxation method to update the Lagrangian multipliers.This approach leads to improve the performance of Lagrangian relaxation method in solving CLTPSP.Numerical results demonstrate that the LR method using GAs to improve its performance speeding up the convergence.Subsequently,highly near-optimal solution to the CLTPSP can be achieved by the LR-GAs.

Improving performance of open-pit mine production scheduling problem under grade uncertainty by hybrid algorithms

One of the surface mining methods is open-pit mining,by which a pit is dug to extract ore or waste downwards from the earth’s surface.In the mining industry,one of the most significant difficulties is long-term production scheduling(LTPS)of the open-pit mines.Deterministic and uncertainty-based approaches are identified as the main strategies,which have been widely used to cope with this problem.Within the last few years,many researchers have highly considered a new computational type,which is less costly,i.e.,meta-heuristic methods,so as to solve the mine design and production scheduling problem.Although the optimality of the final solution cannot be guaranteed,they are able to produce sufficiently good solutions with relatively less computational costs.In the present paper,two hybrid models between augmented Lagrangian relaxation(ALR)and a particle swarm optimization(PSO)and ALR and bat algorithm(BA)are suggested so that the LTPS problem is solved under the condition of grade uncertainty.It is suggested to carry out the ALR method on the LTPS problem to improve its performance and accelerate the convergence.Moreover,the Lagrangian coefficients are updated by using PSO and BA.The presented models have been compared with the outcomes of the ALR-genetic algorithm,the ALR-traditional sub-gradient method,and the conventional method without using the Lagrangian approach.The results indicated that the ALR is considered a more efficient approach which can solve a large-scale problem and make a valid solution.Hence,it is more effectual than the conventional method.Furthermore,the time and cost of computation are diminished by the proposed hybrid strategies.The CPU time using the ALR-BA method is about 7.4%higher than the ALR-PSO approach.

Precision of meshfree methods and application to forward modeling of two-dimensional electromagnetic sources

Meshfree method offers high accuracy and computational capability and constructs the shape function without relying on predefined elements. We comparatively analyze the global weak form meshfree methods, such as element-free Galerkin method （EFGM）, the point interpolation method （PIM）, and the radial point interpolation method （RPIM）. Taking two dimensional Poisson equation as an example, we discuss the support-domain dimensionless size, the field nodes, and background element settings with respect to their effect on calculation accuracy of the meshfree method. RPIM and EFGM are applied to controlled- source two-dimensional electromagnetic modeling with fixed shape parameters. The accuracy of boundary conditions imposed directly and by a penalty function are discussed in the case of forward modeling of two-dimensional magnetotellurics in a homogeneous medium model. The coupling algorithm of EFG-PIM and EFG-RPIM are generated by integrating the PIM or RPIM and EFGM. The results of the numerical modeling suggest the following. First, the proposed meshfree method and corresponding coupled methods are well-suited for electromagnetic numerical modeling. The accuracy of the algorithm is the highest when the support-domain dimensionless size is 1.0 and the distribution of field nodes is consistent with the nodes of background elements. Second, the accuracy of PIM and RPIM are lower than that of EFGM for the Poisson equation but higher than EFGM for the homogeneous medium MT response. Third, RPIM overcomes the matrix inversion problem of PIM and has a wider selection of support-domain dimensionless sizes as compared to RPIM.

Yu Chengsong and His Composite Oil Print

Yu Chengsong and his composite oil print works were I first known to the art circle in 1993 when he published a 35-volum painting album on Chinese landscape. The album, printed in six languages including Chinese, English, Japanese and French, was distributed worldwide. In order to create this album, Yu traveled across the country on his own expenses. He painted the most marvelous and beautiful landscapes in China,

Multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann simulation of slide damping in micro-scale shear-driven rarefied gas flow

To investigate the slide film damping in the micro-scale shear-driven rarefied gas flows, an effective multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM) is proposed. Through the Knudsen boundary layer model, the effects of wall and rarefaction are considered in the correction of relaxation time. The results of gas velocity distributions are compared among the MRT, Monte Carlo model(DSMC) and high-order LBM, and the effects of the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient on the gas velocity distributions are also compared between the MRT and the high-order LBM. It is indicated that the amendatory MRT-LBM can unlock the dilemma of simulation of micro-scale non-equilibrium. Finally, the effects of the Knudsen number, the Stokes number, and the gap between the plates on the damping are researched. The results show that by decreasing the Knudsen number or increasing the Stokes number, the slide film damping increases in the transition regime;however, as the size of the gap increases, the slide film damping decreases substantially.

Evaluation of call options

The European and American call options, for which the prices of their underlying asset follow compound Poisson process, are evaluated by a probability method. Formulas that can be used to evaluate the options are obtained, which include not only the elements of an option: the price of the call option, the exercise price and the expiration date, but also the riskless interest rate, nevertheless exclude the volatility of the underlying asset. In practice, the evaluated results obtained by these formulas can provide references of making strategic decision for an investor who buys the call option and a company who sells the call option.

Relaxation of Magnetic Nanoparticle Chain without Applied Field

The relaxation of a one-dimensional magnetic nanoparticle linear chain with lattice constant a is investigated in absence of applied field. There is an equilibrium state （or steady state） where a11 magnetic moments of particles lie along the chain （x-axis）, back to which the magnetic nanoparticle chain at other state will relax. It is found that the relaxation time T= is determined by Tx = 10β×α3. This relaxation is compared with that of single magnetic nanoparticle system.

Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Approach to Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability

The aims of the present paper are twofold. At first, we further study the Multiple-Relaxation-Time （MRT） Lattice Boltzmann （LB） model proposed in [Europhys. Lett. 90 （2010） 54003]. We discuss the reason why the Gram Schmidt orthogonalization procedure is not needed in the construction of transformation matrix M; point out a reason why the Kataoka-Tsutahara model [Phys. Rev. E 69 （2004） 035701（R）] is only valid in subsonic flows. The yon Neumann stability analysis is performed. Secondly, we carry out a preliminary quantitative study on the Richtmyer- Meshkov instability using the proposed MRT LB model. When a shock wave travels from a light medium to a heavy one, the simulated growth rate is in qualitative agreement with the perturbation model by Zhang-Sohn. It is about half of the predicted value by the impulsive model and is closer to the experimental result. When the shock wave travels from a heavy medium to a light one, our simulation results are also consistent with physical analysis.

世界上最大的石经城

位于四川西北石渠县阿日扎乡境内的松格嘛呢石经城是世界上最大的石经城,似一座巨大的古城堡屹立在天地之间。城外的山坡上,片片经幡像旋转的花瓣,由长长的牦牛绳连起来,呈放射状散开。城的四周,朝圣的藏民们专注、虔诚。直到今天,每天都有许多信众向上添加嘛呢石。在石渠,各种石经墙多达300多处,嘛呢石更是随处可见。

六岁的爱情

西邻家有一个小男孩,名叫松格,今年6岁,一向和我玩得来。一天,他来到我家,眼神怪异地看着我丈夫出去,悄声问道:"姐姐,你为什么要嫁给这个人?""你妈妈为什么要嫁给你爸爸?"我笑问。心里纳闷他怎么叫我姐姐而不叫我阿姨。"那不一样。"他不高兴地说。又问道,"