中国南方大陆加里东晚期构造—古地理演化

通过对中国南方在加里东晚期(O3—S)5个时期的构造—古地理展布与演化特征分析,认为华夏陆块与扬子陆块东南缘的碰撞开始于晚奥陶世,且碰撞作用由东南向北西逐步推进,在湘赣地区发育了前陆盆地的巨厚砂岩、泥质岩沉积,江南—雪峰带和黔中地区为前陆隆起带,它们控制了扬子克拉通内盆地的沉积演化;受陆块碰撞影响,扬子克拉通东南缘由深海页岩沉积盆地向滨浅海粗碎屑岩沉积盆地转变,扬子克拉通内部则由浅海碳酸盐岩台地转化为以泥页岩沉积为主的滞流深水台内凹陷,且凹陷逐步向前陆隆起跟前迁移,以滨岸相和三角洲相的粗碎屑岩沉积为主。而川滇西部在志留纪表现为区域拉张和海侵沉积背景,具有与华南地区完全不同的构造—古地理演化格局。

塔里木盆地构造—古地理演化

构造—古地理演化对盆地分析与油气资源评价具有重要意义,通过古构造恢复结合区域地质背景,综合分析塔里木盆地构造—古地理演化过程。塔里木盆地经历克拉通基底形成阶段、南华—震旦纪强伸展—挤压阶段、寒武—奥陶纪弱伸展—强挤压阶段、志留—白垩纪振荡升降变迁阶段、新生代弱伸展—强挤压阶段等5大构造演化阶段。塔里木盆地南华—震旦纪发育北东向陆内窄深裂谷系统,不同于显生宙;寒武纪—早奥陶世发育“两台一盆”的“东西分块”的大型克拉通内碳酸盐岩台地,中-晚奥陶世碳酸盐岩台地快速演变为“南北分带”;志留—泥盆纪形成克拉通内坳陷海相碎屑岩沉积体系;石炭—二叠纪发育克拉通内碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩的浅海—海陆过渡相沉积;中生代发育一系列分隔的快速变迁的陆内坳陷碎屑岩沉积;新生代发育前陆盆地陆相磨拉石沉积,形成复杂的叠合盆地。受控原—新特提斯洋与南天山洋的开启—闭合,以及新生代印度板块挤压的远程效应,塔里木盆地构造—古地理具有多期性、多样性、迁移性与强烈的改造性,不同于典型的克拉通盆地。

盆山系统沉积学—兼论华北和塔里木地区研究实例

在地球科学领域盆山系统可以作为一种新的地质单元或整体进行研究。在评述国内外研究成果基础上,本文提出了盆山系统分类三原则:即板块构造单元(位置)、盆山形成演化的构造动力学体制、构造—古地理特征或区域源—汇构造—沉积属性,并由此将盆山系统划分为陆内、陆缘(陆洋)和洋内盆山系统三大类及下属十四个亚类。进而论述了盆山系统沉积学的研究体系,其中构造—地层单元与等时地层格架、物源示踪与源汇体系、综合沉积记录及古构造—古气候演变等三方面是研究基础,沉积体系(域)与综合构造—古地理是核心,而盆山演化动力学为学科目标。以华北东部陆内盆山系统为例,研究指出西伯利亚板块与华北—蒙古联合块体的碰撞隆升,形成了该区侏罗纪—早白垩世早期最显著的陆内山—盆系统,而苏鲁造山带碎屑物源影响甚微;以塔里木陆缘盆山系统为例,初步揭示了泥盆—石炭纪西南天山被动陆缘与东南天山弧相关陆缘盆山系统的差异记录。研究认为,为了深化盆山动力学研究,现阶段特别值得在物源示踪与源汇体系、综合沉积记录及古构造—古气候演变方面加强盆山系统沉积学工作。

黔南坳陷及邻区盆地演化和海相沉积的后期改造

黔南坳陷是扬子克拉通内由3组不同方向的断裂围限的一个相对稳定的区块。分4个阶段(新元古代,早古生代,晚古生代—三叠纪,侏罗纪—古近纪)重塑了贵州南部及邻区与周边造山作用耦合的盆地演化。广西运动形成北东向构造,是海相沉积建造阶段中的一次重要改造。印支运动使贵阳—镇远断裂和紫云—罗甸断裂反转,奠定了其成为黔南坳陷的北界和西南界断裂的基础。中侏罗世后的逆掩—冲断可分为两期:早期称燕山运动,以北东走向的断裂向北西逆冲和扩展为特征;晚期称燕山末期—喜马拉雅运动,区域上表现为北北东走向的断裂向南东东逆冲,铜仁—三都断裂成为黔南坳陷的东界,印支运动形成的近南北向—北北东向断层向西(偏北)逆冲,构成铜仁—三都断裂的背冲构造。近南北向断层上盘发育的开阔背斜是黔南坳陷内海相油气勘探的最有利靶区。

四川盆地西北部二叠系栖霞阶层序地层特征及地质意义

基于露头、钻井岩心和测录井资料,采用层序地层学理论与方法,将四川盆地西北部二叠系梁山组+栖霞组作为一个整体予以解剖,识别出梁山组底界面(Ⅰ型)、栖一段与栖二段界面(Ⅱ型)和栖霞组与茅口组界面(Ⅰ型)3个三级层序界面,将中二叠统栖霞阶划分为2个三级层序:下部的SQ1层序对应梁山组+栖一段,上部的SQ2层序对应栖二段。通过栖霞阶层序地层格架分析,发现栖霞阶地层存在"底超顶削"的充填规律,统计并绘制SQ1与SQ2层序地层厚度等值线图,对研究区栖霞阶SQ1初期和SQ2期构造—古地理格局进行了恢复,在明确SQ2期为栖霞阶主要成滩期的基础上,结合岩溶发育单元及白云岩展布特征,讨论栖霞阶油气储集意义。结果表明:区内栖霞阶存在北西、北东向隆坳分异,汉南隆起、川北隆起、北缘隆起与广元—旺苍凹陷始终控制了区内沉积格局,指出广元—旺苍海槽雏形始于二叠系栖霞阶。研究区岩溶白云岩孔洞型储集层区与环广元—旺苍凹陷周缘的灰岩岩溶型储集层区为有利的勘探区。

Tectono-paleogeographic study of the Early Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin

Based on first-hand material from the geological exploration of petroleum,we made a detailed study of the tectonic development in the Early Cretaceous and the distribution of basement rifts in the Songliao Basin.The sedimentary characteristics of this epoch and the tectono-paleogeography of the basin were expounded.The results show that in its early stages,the Songliao Basin was characterized by a detached faulted basin in which mainly lake facies developed among mountains.It became gradually one lake during the late stages of the Early Cretaceous.During this period,the fault activity in the Songliao Basin changed from a turbulent to a quiet development,the water area from small separated lakes to one large lake,in which the sedimentary facies were divided into asymmetric eastern and western parts.In the basin a volcanic clastic rock-alluvial fan system developed and a fan delta-lake-small delta-river system was mainly deposired.Our research also shows that the basement rifts not only controlled the distribution of fault depressions and the tectonic development in the Early Cretaceous,but had also an effect on the orientation of sedimentation,source area and river system,which determine the tectonopaleogeography of the Early Cretaceous.

Characteristics and evolution of lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member of Yanchang Formation in northern Shaanxi

Lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member in the studied area consists of sihstone and fine sandstone with respect to grain size, which is feldspathic lithie sandstone, syrosem arkose and arkose with respect to mineral constitution affected by provenance. There are such apparent signatures as lithology, sedimentary structure, sedimentary sequence and well logs, to recognize turbidite. During the paleogeographic evolution of Chang-7 Member, lake basin and deep lake are both at their maximum extent during Chang-73 stage, resulting in the deposition of Zhangjiatan shale with widespread extent and of turbidite with fragmental-like. Deep lake line is gradually moving toward lake center and turbidite sand bodies are gradually turning better with better lateral continuity, connectivity and more thickness, from stages of Chang-73, Chang-72 and Chang-7t, which can be favorable reservoir in deep-water.