《说文解字》的析字方法和结构类型非“六书”说

许慎在《说文解字·叙》里介绍了古代小学教授儿童的"六书",这个"六书"应该是适合儿童学习的有关汉字的六个知识点,具有浅易性、实用性和选择性,可是它长期以来被当作具有学术性的一个完整理论系统,或指造字方法系统,或指析字方法系统,或指结构类型系统,并且认为《说文解字》就是按照"六书"理论把汉字分析为六种类型或四种类型的。其实,"六书"不等于汉字的分析方法和类型,《说文解字》也不是实践"六书理论"的。根据许慎的分析实例考察,《说文解字》的析字方法是"构件分析法",即首先将字形拆分成若干构件(包括独体构件),然后说明每个构件的功能,或者提出同形构件进行类比。从许慎所分析的九千多个汉字归纳,《说文解字》的汉字结构类型至少有18种。

浅谈小学语文词语教学中字理析词方法的有效运用

词语教学是小学语文中重要的学习内容,在词语教学中能够渗透学生语文思想,培养学生具有较强的理解能力和思维判断能力,培养学生懂得利用词语陶冶情操。在小学语文教学中怎样合理的运用字理析词的方法进行教学呢,教师应该结合课本中的知识点,采用合适的方法,将字词突出的更加明显,通过字理析词,可以让学生认知到中华汉字的学问深不可测,对语文知识产生学习兴趣,不断深入其中,能够在分析习题的时候,正确理解其中的内涵,并可以利用字理析词的学习方法进行写作和沟通。

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION OF SIMULATION BIAS WITH THE GRAPES-MESO MODEL FOR A TORRENTIAL RAIN CASE

In this paper, the numerical simulation bias of the non-hydrostatic version GRAPES-Meso （Mesoscalc of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System） at the resolution of 0.18° for a torrential rain case, which happened in May 31st to June 1st 2005 over Hunan province, are diagnosed and investigated by using the radiosondes, intensive surface observation, and the operational global analysis data, and the sensitivity experimental results as well. It is shown in the result that the GRAPES-Meso could reproduce quite well the main features of large-scale circulation and the distribution of the accumulated 24h precipitation and the key locations of tile torrential rainfall arc captured reasonably well by the model. I fowever, bias exist in the simulation of the mesoscale features of the torrential rain and details of the relevant systems. for example, the simulated rainfall that is too earlier in model integration and remsrkable. underpredictien of the peak value of rainfall rates over the heaviest rainfall region, the weakness of the upper jet siimulation and the overpredietion of the south-west wind in the lower troposphere etc. The investigation reveals that the sources of the simulation bias are different. The erroneous model rainfall in the earlier integration stage over the heaviest rainfall region is induced by the model initial condition bias of the wind field at ablaut 925hPa over the torrential rainfall region, where the bias grow rapidly and spread upward to about 600hPa level within the few hours into the integration and result in abnormal convergence of the wind and moisture, and thus the unreal rainfall over that region. The large bias on the simulated rainfall intensity over the heaviest rainfall region might be imputed to the following combined facters of（1） the simulation bias on the strength and detailed structures of the upper-level jet core which bring about significant, underpredictions of the dynamic conditions （including upper-level divergence and the up,yard motion for heavy rainfalt due to unfavorable mesoscale vertical coupting between the strong, upper-level divergence and Iower-level convergence; and （2） the inefficient coupling of the cumulous parameterzation scheme and the explicit moisture in the integration, which causes the failure of the explicit moisture scheme in generating grid-scale rainfall in a certain extent through inadequate convective adjustmenl and feedback to the grid-scale, In addition, the interaction of the combined two factors could form a negative feedback to the rainfall intensity simulation, and eventually lead to the obvious undcrprediction of the rainfall rate.

Stability analysis unit and spatial distribution pattern of the terrain texture in the northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau

Terrain texture analysis is an important method of digital terrain analysis in quantitative geomorphological research and in the exploration of the spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of terrain features. However, a major issue often neglected in previous studies is the calculation unit of the terrain texture, that is, the stability analysis unit. As the test size increases, the derived terrain textures become increasingly similar so that their differences can be ignored. The test size of terrain texture is defined as the stability analysis unit. This study randomly selected 48 areas within the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi in China as the study sites and used the gray level co-occurrence matrix to calculate the terrain texture. The stability analysis unit of the terrain texture was then extracted, and its spatial distribution pattern in the Loess Plateau was studiedusing spatial interpolation method. Four terrain texture metrics, i.e., homogeneity, energy, correlation, and contrast, were extracted on the basis of the stability analysis unit, and the spatial variation patterns of these parameters were studied. Results showed that the spatial distribution pattern and the terrain texture metrics reflected a trend of high–low–high from north to south, which correlated with the spatial distribution of the landforms at the Loess Plateau. In addition, the terrain texture measures was significantly correlated with the terrain factors of gully density and slope, and this relationship showed that terrain texture measures based on the stability analysis unit could reflect the basic characteristics of terrain morphology. The stability analysis unit provided a reasonable analytical scale for terrain texture analysis and could be used as a measure of the regional topography to accurately describe basic terrain characteristics.

Numerical analysis of coal-gas flow and pressure relief on the mining method of extreme short-range protective strata

The coal-gas existing condition was ameliorated in the coal seams prone to coal-gas outburst adopting the mining method of protective strata.The gas volume and the gas pressure were reduced synchronously in the protected coal seam,and the coal seam of high permeability prone to the coal-gas outburst was changed into that of low perme- ability with no proneness to the coal-gas outburst.The D_(15)coal seam was treated as the protective strata,and the D_(16-17)coal seam was treated as the protected strata in the Fifth coal mine in the Pingdingshan Coal Mining Group.The distance between the two coal seams was 5 m averagely,clarified into the extreme short-range protective strata.The numerical analysis was based on the theory of the porous media flow with the finite ele- ment method.The gas flow process and the change mechanism of the coal-gas pressure were analyzed in the process of mining the protective strata.

Development of Sensor Oriented Dynamic Rotor Model as the Basis of Machine Diagnostics

Today, digital signal processing based on new microprocessor technology allows for successful machine protection and is acceptably cost-effective. Furthermore, by means of vibration-diagnostics monitoring of machines assisted by analytical methods it is possible to monitor and quantify dynamic parameters of a machine. By means of the analysis of dynamic behavior of rotor, it is possible to diagnose and solve the defects relating to rotor and other parts of machine. Recently, vibrations analysis and monitoring have become the most widespread method of machine diagnostics. Detection, identification and elimination of problems related to machine work can be simplified by modeling some dynamics solutions. The paper presents a mathematical model of elastic rotor with concentrated weight designed for the purpose of detecting defects with the help of vibrations measured by sensors based in bearings. Experimental results from test tables of the world＇s leading company, Bentley Nevada Co. USA, were used as the basis for development of this model. Accordingly, mathematical model for most of the cases was based on radial oscillation of rotor while torsion oscillations were used as the basis in some cases. Torsion vibrations cannot be detected without special sensors even at their highest magnitudes. Reliability of this model and accuracy of vibrodiagnostic analysis has been experimentally confirmed when applied on machines in operation.

Quantitative analysis of the performance of vector tracking algorithms

Vector tracking changes the classical structure of receivers. Combining signal tracking and navigation solution,vector tracking can realize powerful processing capabilities by the fusion technique of receiving channel and feedback correction. In this paper,we try to break through the complicated details of numerical analysis,consider the overall influencing factors of the residual in observed data,and use the intrinsic link between a conventional receiver and a vector receiver. A simple method for performance analysis of the vector tracking algorithm is proposed. Kalman filter has the same steady performance with the classic digital lock loop through the analysis of the relation between gain and band width. The theoretical analysis by the least squares model shows that the reduction of range error is the basis for the superior performance realized by vector tracking. Thus,the bounds of its performance enhancement under weak signal and highly dynamic conditions can be deduced. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the analysis presented here.

Solid Waste Dumping Site Selection Using GIS and Remote Sensing for Kajiado County, Kenya

Solid waste dumping is a hectic problem in urban and developing areas due to shortage of land for the purpose. The main objective of this study was to select potential areas for suitable solid waste dumping for Kajiado County, Kenya. Eight input map layers including DEM （digital elevation model）, topography, urban settlement, roads, wetlands, rivers, forests and protected areas were prepared and MCDA （Multi Criteria Decision Analysis Methods） were implemented in a GIS （geographic information systems） environment. GIS, RS （remote sensing） and MDCA are powerful tools which can effectively be applied during the planning phase of solid waste management in order to avoid adverse catastrophes in future. The final suitability map was prepared by weighted overlay analyses and leveled as the most suitable, moderate suitable, less suitable and unsuitable areas. The area of each suitability level was calculated using spatial statistics. Polygons representing the most suitable sites were further analyzed in terms of area perimeter ratio in order to investigate the most suitable areas in terms of shape regularity. The leading four polygons considered were marked A, B, C, D respectively in the final map. This study showed that suitable areas for solid waste landfills were limited and scattered in the study area.

Research on the Source Parameters and Correlation Coefficients of Focal Mechanisms for the Yingjiang Earthquake Sequences in 2008

The source parameters of the Yingjiang earthquake sequences in 2008 are obtained by applying spectral analysis and Brunes source model,based on the digital waveform data recorded by the Yunnan Digital Seismic Network.The correlation coefficients are calculated using the low-frequency spectral amplitudes of 2 events recorded by a same station,then,events with similar focal mechanism are grouped using the clustering analysis method.Compared to the obtained focal mechanisms,it is found that there are good correlations with the azimuth of P axes in each clustering group,and the larger the correlation coefficient,the closer the azimuths of P axes.We divide the Yingjiang area into 3 regions to analyze the stress level and stress direction by combining the source parameters and the mean focal mechanism of each group.The results show:The change and transformation of the focal mechanism types at different stages can represent the temporal characteristics of the regional stress field.If the earthquake focal mechanism types are concentrated in a time period and switch to the direction of regional stress field,it may be a sign of strong earthquake.There is some relationship between the stress drop and the type of focal mechanism.Those earthquakes with stress fields revealed by focal mechanism types closer to the regional tectonic stress field will have higher stress drop,while those with the focal mechanism-revealed stress fields differing a lot from the regional tectonic stress field will generally have a lower stress drop.

Polynomial solutions of quasi-homogeneous partial differential equations

By means of a method of analytic number theory the following theorem is proved. Letp be a quasi-homogeneous linear partial differential operator with degreem,m > 0, w.r.t a dilation $\left\{ {\delta _\tau } \right\}{\text{ }}_{\tau< 0} $ given by ( a1, …, an). Assume that either a1, …, an are positive rational numbers or $m{\text{ = }}\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\alpha _j \alpha _j } $ for some $\alpha {\text{ = }}\left( {\alpha _1 ,{\text{ }} \ldots {\text{ }},\alpha _n } \right) \in l _ + ^n $ Then the dimension of the space of polynomial solutions of the equationp[u] = 0 on ?n must be infinite