培育措施对桉树人工林林下物种多样性的影响

近年来,桉树人工林在我国得到了较为迅速的发展。在其获得较大社会及经济效益的同时,其所带来的生态环境问题也引起了人们高度重视,对此,需要通过科学措施的应用做好影响情况的控制。基于此,结合培育措施对桉树人工林林下物种多样性的影响进行一定的研究。

海南浆纸林林下植物物种多样性研究

以海南浆纸林为研究对象,研究不同浆纸林类型、不同管理方式等对浆纸林林下植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明,不同密度的桉树浆纸林,虽然其林下植物个体数与物种多样性指数存在差异,但没有明显的规律性。农户经营模式下的林下草本个体数表现出少于公司经营的趋势,但物种丰富度却表现出高于公司经营的趋势。与其他人工经济林、荒坡植被和次生林相比,海南浆纸林没有表现出明显抑制林下物种生长与分布的现象,相反,在大多数对比调查中,表现出浆纸林林下具有更多的物种多样性和个体数。

秦岭林区四种典型次生林林下层植物多样性研究

采用样方法对秦岭马头滩四种典型次生林林下植被进行了群落调查和物种多样性分析。表明物种多样性排序,华山松林>锐齿栎林>冷杉林>红桦林。结论:林下物种多样性的提高,增加了林下植被的服务功能,促进了乔木层的更新速度。要提高次生林自我更新能力,可采取间伐、整枝、补植等人工措施,改善其林下群落结构,提高林地生产力和生态功能。

林分密度对华北落叶松天然次生林林下植被和土壤呼吸的影响

为实现“碳中和”背景下的森林高质量经营,探索林分密度调控对森林生态系统土壤呼吸和林下植被物种多样性的影响具有非常重要的意义。以山西五台山林区华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)天然次生林为研究对象,设置不同林分密度样地,调查林下植被物种多样性并测定土壤呼吸速率,分析林分密度对林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的影响以及物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的耦合关系。结果表明,喜光植物的重要值随林分密度增加而逐渐降低,在高密度林分中变成偶见种或消失,耐荫植物的重要值随林分密度增加而升高,在高密度林分中成为代表性种。林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率均随林分密度增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势;香农-威纳指数、辛普森指数、基于香农-威纳指数的均匀度指数、基于辛普森指数的均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数均在中密度下达到峰值,土壤呼吸速率也在中密度下达到峰值;植被种类、林下植被物种多样性指数与土壤呼吸速率的相关性极强,其中物种丰富度指数对土壤呼吸速率的影响最显著。

粤北阔叶人工林和次生林植物多样性与土壤理化性质相关性研究

为提升人工林林分质量,发挥人工林生态效益,以亚热带优良乡土树种壳斗科红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)、深山含笑(Michelia maudiae)人工林和天然次生林为研究对象,分析不同林分林下物种数量、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson优势度指数,Pielou均匀度指数,Margalef丰富度指数)和土壤理化性质等指标及其差异,明确土壤中制约人工林林下植被多样性的理化性质指标。结果表明,(1)灌木层中,红锥与含笑人工林林下植被Shannon-Wiener指数(1.61±0.51,1.23±0.30)低于天然次生林(1.95±0.40),且二者林下物种成分与天然次生林有显著差异,人工林植物优势种以(Maesa japonica)、石楠藤(Piper puberulum)为主,天然林优势种以广东润楠(Machiluskwangtungensis)、黧蒴锥(Castanopsis fissa)等乔木幼苗为主。草本层红锥与含笑人工林的Shannon-Wiener指数(2.55±0.50,2.53±0.31)高于天然次生林(2.34±0.38)。(2)0-20 cm土层内,有机质、全氮、全磷含量均表现为红锥人工林[(34.74±13.29)g·kg^-1,(1.56±0.49)g·kg^-1,(0.43±0.13)g·kg^-1]>含笑人工林[(28.20±9.97)g·kg^-1,(1.27±0.34)g·kg^-1,(0.30±0.10)g·kg^-1]>天然次生林[(22.78±8.52)g·kg^-1,(1.07±0.33)g·kg^-1,(0.25±0.04)g·kg^-1];20-40 cm土层内,人工林与天然林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷仍表现为红锥人工林[(24.22±7.51)g·kg^-1,(1.23±0.32)g·kg^-1,(0.42±0.11)g·kg^-1]>含笑人工林[(21.80±8.34)g·kg^-1,(1.04±0.28)g·kg^-1,(0.29±0.11)g·kg^-1]>天然次生林[(16.15±6.42)g·kg^-1,(0.83±0.23)g·kg^-1,(0.24±0.04)g·kg^-1]。除硝态氮外,其余土壤理化性质均因林分类型不同而呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。(3)有机质、氮、磷三者是影响林下植被多样性的关键因子。土壤有机质含量与林下植被多样性的相关性最强(P<0.05),氮、磷含量与草本层的相关性显著(P<0.05),草本层与灌木层相比,更易受到土壤理化性质的影响。

环境因子对桂西南蚬木林下植被物种多样性变异的解释

探索林下植被分布格局及其影响因素,对于天然林保护和森林生物多样性维持机制研究具有重要意义。本文以桂西南喀斯特地区不同蚬木(Excentrodendron tonkinense)天然成熟林为研究对象,采用植物群落样方调查、单因素方差分析、Pearson相关分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法,研究了8个县市蚬木天然成熟林林下植被物种多样性的变异及其对土壤、地形和光照等环境因子的响应。结果表明,林下植被中灌木层优势种主要有越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis)、鹅掌柴(Schefflera heptaphylla)、毛果翼核果(Ventilago calyculata),以及乔木层幼苗如蚬木、广西澄广花(Orophea anceps)、岩樟(Cinnamomum saxatile)、金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)等,主要来自豆科、五加科、鼠李科、椴树科、番荔枝科、樟科、藤黄科和大戟科等;草本层优势种主要有肾蕨(Nephrolepis cordifolia)、石山棕(Guihaia argyrata)、崖姜(Pseudodrynaria coronans)、柔枝莠竹(Microstegium vimineum)、水蔗草(Apluda mutica)、沿阶草(Ophiopogon bodinieri)等,主要来自肾蕨科、棕榈科、槲蕨科、禾本科、百合科、铁角蕨科和鳞毛蕨科等。土壤pH值、土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤全钾(TK)、土壤全磷(TP)和坡度(SLO)是林下植被物种多样性的主要影响因素,它们分别解释了林下植被物种多样性32.3%、16.1%、9.7%、8.6%和8.6%的变异。灌木丰富度、灌木多样性指数与TK、SWC、土壤pH值和TP显著负相关,而草本丰富度、草本多样性指数则与TK显著正相关;灌木密度、灌木盖度与土壤pH值显著正相关,草本密度与SWC和TK显著正相关,草本盖度与TP、TK显著正相关,与坡度显著负相关。土壤和地形因素是影响林下植被物种多样性变异的最主要因素,而林分冠层结构的影响较小,土壤各因素对林下植被物种多样性的影响高于地形因素。

Influence of thinning on acidic deposition in Chinese fir plantations

Acidic deposition,which is mainly caused by atmospheric pollution,is one of the global environmental problems.Thinning is an effective management to improve the tree productivity,reduce the wildfire risk and maintain a healthy forest.Since thinning may reduce the effect of acidic deposition,the effect of thinning on acidic deposition was estimated.The biomass,soil properties,pH value of runoff and groundwater in both unthinned and thinned Chinese fir plantations were measured and compared over a 5-year period(2-6 years after thinning).The results indicated that acidic deposition in the Huitong State Ecosystem Research Station was serious,and it got worse with time.Forest thinning resulted in a huge change in biomass and soil properties.During the 5-year monitoring period,biomasses of understory and litter,plant species richness,coverage of undergrowth plant layer were significantly higher in thinned site than in unthinned site.Moreover,higher soil fertility as well as lower amounts of runoff and groundwater were found in thinned site.It was suggested that thinning could improve the structure of forest,leading to restoring the effluent(runoff and groundwater) pH to the normal value.

种内竞争和残落物覆盖对杉木和檵木细根形态特征的影响

细根对生态系统养分、水分和碳循环至关重要。然而,目前关于森林生态系统细根可塑性的研究多集中于乔木树种,对灌木少有研究。本研究以杉木(乔木)和檵木(灌木)为研究对象,采用根袋法研究种内竞争和残落物覆盖对2物种1级和2级细根形态特征(比根长、直径和分枝比)及养分吸收能力的影响,揭示种内竞争和林下管理措施(残落物覆盖)对2物种细根塑性和养分吸收策略的影响机制。结果表明:残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用对杉木细根形态特征各指标均无显著影响。残落物覆盖显著提高了檵木1、2级根分枝比,残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用均显著降低了檵木1级根的直径。檵木细根属性的这些变化增加了其细根的养分吸收速率。因此,增加杉木林残落物覆盖使林下檵木细根形态特征的变化更利于土壤养分的高效吸收,进而可能会与同土层中塑性差的杉木细根产生养分竞争。

Impact of forest fire on soil seed bank composition in Himalayan Chir pine forest

Aims To explain how plant community copes with a recurring anthropogenic forest fire in Himalayan Chir pine forest,it is important to understand their postfire regeneration strategies.The primary aim of the study was to know:(i)how fire impact soil seed bank composition and(ii)how much soil seed bank composition differs with standing vegetation after the forest fire.Methods Soil samples were collected from burned and adjoining unburned sites in blocks using three layers down to 9 cm depth immediately after a forest fire and incubated in the net-house for seedling emergence.Same sites were revisited during late monsoon/early autumn season to know the species composition of standing vegetation recovered after a forest fire.Important Findings Soil contained viable seeds of>70 species.The average seed bank density was 8417 and 14217 seeds/m^(2) in the burned and unburned site,respectively.In both sites,it decreased with increasing soil depth.Overall fire had no significant impact on seed density;however,taking individual layers into consideration,fire had a significant impact on seed density only in the uppermost soil layer.The species richness of soil seed bank and standing vegetation was 73 and 100,respectively(with 35 shared species),resulting in a similarity of about 40%.In contrast,>80%species in soil seed bank was found similar between burned and unburned sites.Further,there were no significant differences in species richness of standing vegetation in burned(87 spp.)and unburned(78 spp.)sites.Our results showed that fire had an insignificant impact on soil seed bank composition and restoration potential of a plant species from seeds.The understory herb and shrub plant community’s ability to form a fire-resistant viable soil seed bank and capable to recover in the postfire rainy season,explains how they reduce the risk of recurring fire damage in maintaining their population.