浅议集体林权制度改革对林农林业收入的影响

在贵州省思南县,林业收入在林农的经济收入中占据着一定的比重,林业收入的变化将直接影响到林农的生活水平及质量。随着集体林权制度的改革,将对林农的林业收入产生一定的影响。本文将针对集体林权制度的改革对农民林业收入的影响进行分析。

浅谈毛竹低产林改造的措施及市场前景

在毛竹地产林技术改造设计过程中,包含了很多内容,需要广大农户在每个改造环节之中落实,并利用市场前景,将林业的提升作用体现出来。本文以忠良乡为例,对毛竹低产林改造措施进行总结,并从加强忠良乡的林农林业资源保护、执行科学发展观、相关法律的完善三方面,论述了市场前景对忠良乡林农林业提升作用。

Allelopathic effects of leaf litters of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on some forest and agricultural crops

Allelopathic effects of different doses of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf litters were investigated through an experiment in the green house of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Three popular agricultural crops： Falen （Vigna unguiculata）, Chickpea （Cicer arietinum）, Arhor （Cajanus cajan） and two widely used plantation trees： Sada koroi （Albizia procera） and Ipil ipil （Leucaena leucocephala） were selected as bioassay species. Experiment was set on tray at room temperature 27℃. The effects of different doses of leaf litter extracts were compared to the control. Results suggest that leaf litters of E, camaldulesis induced inhibitory effects, It was also found that the effect depend on concentration of extract and litterfall, type of receiver species. Higher concentration of the materials had the higher effect and vice versa. Though all the bioassay species were suppressed some of them showed better performance. Vigna unguiculata, Cicer arietinum are recommended in agroforestry based on this present Experiment output. In mixed plantation, Leucaena leucochephala is a better choice while compared to Albizia procera.

Agroforestry Initiatives for Capacity Building and Social Security through Captive Plantations on Degraded Lands of Farmers in State Karnataka, India

To meet the demand of raw material, i.e., wood, from the available sources always remained a big challenge for paper industries since the last two decades. For a sustainable supply of raw material in future, major plantation activities were undertaken by paper industries, like West Coast Paper Mills Limited （WCPM）, by constituting a society, i.e., Society for Afforestation, Research and Allied Works （SARA）, Dandeli in 2001. The main aim was to promote afforestation programme through major plantations activities on the degraded lands （under rainfed condition） and to generate employments and capacity building. The WCPM is a leading paper manufacturing industry of the country （under the flagship of Bangur group） located at the bank of Kali River in Dandeli of Uttar Kannada district in State Karnataka. To date, company through SARA has raised captive plantations on more than 50,000 acres of degraded land by farmers in different districts of Maharashtm, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu States under Captive Plantation Project through Contract for Farming （CFF） since 2006 under a simple agreement period of only five years. After five years, society arranged to harvest the first rotation crop of the farmer of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 plantations and paid the amount of the crop directly to farmers. SARA has a mutual contract with WCPM for purchasing pulpwood. With this, farmers are getting full amount of their crop harvested after five years without any hurdle through SARA. SARA did all the expenditures, i.e., from land development, plantation and harvesting. Under its agroforestry plantation programme, superior planting material of various pulpwood species suited to particular area, i.e., Eucalyptus, Subabul, Casuarina and Acacia were planted on farmer＇s land. Farmers were also encouraged for intercropping, like maize, peanut （groundnut）, chilly, tomato and ginger with plantations. Apart from this, SARA is also providing free fodder to the livestock of farmers. Various types of fodder species such as Stylosanthes scabra, S. hamata are grown with plantation. SARA has also set up its own hi-tech clonal nursery developing around 5-6 millions of clonal ramets every year through clonal propagation technology. Till date, SARA has received 0.15 million ton （MT） of pulpwood from the plantations on farmer＇s land with a yield of 25-30 MT/acre. This type of activities will prove a boon for farmers as well as for industry, when raw material is going to be short in India. It will also conserve our natural resources, high conservative valued forests （HCVF） and will reduce the pressure on forest for wood. In addition, this will maintain the balance between environment and nature. To meet the requirement of pulpwood for industry, this type of plantation activities will open new ways for industry to secure raw material for future use. Also, this would be helpful to enhance productivity and generate employments for rural communities to improve their living standard and capacity building.

Coffee Agroforestry with Some Timber Shade Trees： Study on Carbon Stock, Mineral Cycle, and Yield

Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of industrial woods as shade trees of Coffea canephora. The research was conducted in Jember, Indonesia （45 m asl., D rainfall type according to Schmidt and Ferguson）, and arranged in split plot design. The main plots were （A） coffee-T, grandis （3 m × 2.5 m ×12 m）, （B） coffee-P, falcataria single row （2.5 m ×6 m）, （C） coffee-P, falcataria double rows （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （D） coffee-P, falcataria vat. Solomon （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （E） coffee-M, azedarach （3 m ×5 m ×22.5 m）, （F） coffee-H, macrophyllus （3 m ×5 m ×12.5 m）, and （G） coffee-Leucaena sp. （3 m × 2.5 m） as control. The sub plots were coffee clones, i.e., BP 534, BP 409, BP 936, dan BP 939. Among those timber trees, Leucaena was planted as the alternative shade trees. The result showed that in comparison with control, all of coffee agroforestry system improved carbon sequestration. Total C-stock on （B） was highest, i.e., 1,007 percent to control while the lowest one was （A） 317.44% to control. During one year observation, litter weight of H. macrophyllus was heaviest followed by T. grandis. The lightest litter was obtained from M. azedarach. Based on its mineral contents, litters of T. grandis potentially supplied back nutrients that equaled to total Urea, SP-36, KC1, Dolomite, and Kieserite as much as 574.14 g; P. falcataria 287.57 g, P. falcataria var. Solomon 453.59 g, M. azedarach 450.84 g, H. macrophyllus 877.56 g, and Leucaena 445.12 g per tree per year. Because of heavily fallen leaves of M. azedarach during dry season and conversely too dense shading of H. macrophyllus, bean yield at 4 and 5 years old by using both species were consistently lower than that under T. grandis, P. falcataria and control. At those ages, effect of clone on cherry yield was still not consistent but there was a tendency that BP 939 was most productive, while BP 534 was the less. Its outturn was not influenced by agroforestry system but by clones. The agroforestry pattern influence physical bean characters, more dense of shading, more single bean and empty bean. That bean abnormality also genetically, on BP 939 percentage of round and empty bean was highest while on BP 936 was lowest. It was concluded that coffee agroforestry improve ecology service, but M. azedarach and H. macrophyllus were not appropriate to be used as coffee shade trees. P. falcataria is recommended as an alternative shade tree beside Leucaena sp.

Agroforestry, Rural Populations, Poplar Plantations and Marketing

One of the objectives of the 1257/99 EU regulation was that rural populations should be able to gain an extra income. This regulation may not be any longer in force, but soon a new one will replace it. The plantations that are created by Greek farmers more specifically the plantations of poplar trees-have a ten-year rotation at least. This means that the time between the establishment of the plantation and the harvest is high. As a consequence, during this time, the market environment （e.g. prices） may face substantial changes. Frequently, these changes are so immense that producers are driven in economic distress. This situation is also linked to the domestic timber supply and imports, and as a result to the product prices. Concerning the market prices of poplar trees, one additional factor that has probably deteriorated the situation is the E.U. expansion. This paper examines a case study in North Greece. Vital conclusions are made which may be useful for the Greek and E.U. decision makers regarding the process of dealing with current issues such as the 1257/99 regulation replacement （1698/2005）.