【目的】比较不同树高(H)–胸径(D)模型精度,确定适合章古台地区樟子松Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica的H-D模型。【方法】以Sibbesen模型为基础模型,将优势木平均高(HT)、胸高断面积(AB)和平方平均胸径(DQM)3个林分变量以不同组合加...【目的】比较不同树高(H)–胸径(D)模型精度,确定适合章古台地区樟子松Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica的H-D模型。【方法】以Sibbesen模型为基础模型,将优势木平均高(HT)、胸高断面积(AB)和平方平均胸径(DQM)3个林分变量以不同组合加入基础模型中,分别建立了H-D的基础模型(1个)和广义模型(3个)及对应的基础混合模型(1个)和广义混合模型(3个)。对固定效应模型平均水平预测(FPA)、混合模型的总体平均响应预测(MPA)和主体响应预测(MPS)的精度进行比较。对混合模型在使用随机抽取样本木和抽取平均木(胸径接近平均值的样本)2种抽样方案计算随机参数时分析MPS精度与样本数量的关系。【结果】表征樟子松H-D关系的4种固定效应模型中,含HT和AB的广义模型拟合精度最高,Akaike信息量准则(AIC)=2 167.7,Bayesian信息量准则(BIC)=2 196.3。相同预测变量的各模型预测精度均表现为:MPS>FPA>MPA,仅含预测变量D的模型的3种预测精度差异最大。广义模型、广义混合模型、基础混合模型预测精度差异不大。使用验证数据检验模型精度时,每块标准地中随机抽取3株样本木计算基础混合模型随机参数时,该模型精度提升最为明显,MAE和RMSE分别降低了57.97%和57.63%;而广义混合模型精度随抽取样本木数量的增多未出现大的变化。【结论】含有林分变量优势木平均高、胸高断面积的广义模型和基础混合模型均能较好地预测沙地樟子松人工林的单木树高。此外,利用混合模型预测树高时,推荐在标准地中随机抽取3株林木测量其树高,并依此来计算随机参数。展开更多
Topographic and edaphic variables are the main ecological factor determining species spatial variability on mountainous forests. A field study was performed in central Alborz to investigate how the edaphic and topogra...Topographic and edaphic variables are the main ecological factor determining species spatial variability on mountainous forests. A field study was performed in central Alborz to investigate how the edaphic and topographic parameters can affect the tree and shrub communities. Initially, 27 forest stands were identified and the homogeneous units were separated regarding physiognomy. In each single homogeneous unit, one random sample plot （1000 m^2） and totally 43 plots were established. In each plot, the presence and abundance of all trees and shrubs were recorded and four soil samples were taken from depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm. Concerning classification results, eight different forest communities were identified. The lowest and highest soil pH values were observed in Malus orientalis and pistacia-Amygdalus communities, respectively. The water saturation percent of pure- and mixed Juniperus excelsa and Rhus coriaria was the highest amongst communities. The clay content was the highest in pure J.excelsa. The 0-5 organic matter and Nitrogen content in mixed J. excelsa were significantly higher than pure J. excelsa and other communities. The CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis） altitude, precipitation, pH, results indicated that the EC, SP, clay and CaCO3 are the most important factors determine the distribution of trees and shrub in central Alborz.展开更多
It is difficult to scale up measurements of the sap flux density(J_S) for the characterization of tree or stand transpiration(E) due to spatial variations in J_S and their temporal changes.To assess spatial variations...It is difficult to scale up measurements of the sap flux density(J_S) for the characterization of tree or stand transpiration(E) due to spatial variations in J_S and their temporal changes.To assess spatial variations in the sap flux density of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) and their effects on E estimates,we measured the J_S using Granier-type sensors.Within trees,the J_S decreased exponentially with the radial depth,and the J_S of the east aspects were higher than those of the west aspects.Among trees,there was a positive relationship between J_S and the tree diameter at breast height,and this positive relationship became stronger as the transpiration demand increased.The spatial variations that caused large errors in E estimates(i.e.,up to 110.8 % when radial variation was ignored) had varied systematically with environmental factors systematic characteristics in relation to environmental factors.However,changes in these variations did not generate substantial errors in the E estimates.For our study periods,the differences in the daily E(E_D) calculated by ignoring radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations and the measured E_D were fairly constant,especially when the daily vapor pressure deficit(D_D)was higher than 0.6 k Pa.These results imply that the effect of spatial variations changes on sap flow can be a minor source of error compared with spatial variations(radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations) when considering E estimates.展开更多
文摘Topographic and edaphic variables are the main ecological factor determining species spatial variability on mountainous forests. A field study was performed in central Alborz to investigate how the edaphic and topographic parameters can affect the tree and shrub communities. Initially, 27 forest stands were identified and the homogeneous units were separated regarding physiognomy. In each single homogeneous unit, one random sample plot （1000 m^2） and totally 43 plots were established. In each plot, the presence and abundance of all trees and shrubs were recorded and four soil samples were taken from depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm. Concerning classification results, eight different forest communities were identified. The lowest and highest soil pH values were observed in Malus orientalis and pistacia-Amygdalus communities, respectively. The water saturation percent of pure- and mixed Juniperus excelsa and Rhus coriaria was the highest amongst communities. The clay content was the highest in pure J.excelsa. The 0-5 organic matter and Nitrogen content in mixed J. excelsa were significantly higher than pure J. excelsa and other communities. The CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis） altitude, precipitation, pH, results indicated that the EC, SP, clay and CaCO3 are the most important factors determine the distribution of trees and shrub in central Alborz.
基金supported by both the Korea Forest Service(S211315L020120,S111215L020110)the Korea Meteorology Agency(KMIPA-20120001-2)the support of the Mt.Teahwa Seoul National University Forest
文摘It is difficult to scale up measurements of the sap flux density(J_S) for the characterization of tree or stand transpiration(E) due to spatial variations in J_S and their temporal changes.To assess spatial variations in the sap flux density of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) and their effects on E estimates,we measured the J_S using Granier-type sensors.Within trees,the J_S decreased exponentially with the radial depth,and the J_S of the east aspects were higher than those of the west aspects.Among trees,there was a positive relationship between J_S and the tree diameter at breast height,and this positive relationship became stronger as the transpiration demand increased.The spatial variations that caused large errors in E estimates(i.e.,up to 110.8 % when radial variation was ignored) had varied systematically with environmental factors systematic characteristics in relation to environmental factors.However,changes in these variations did not generate substantial errors in the E estimates.For our study periods,the differences in the daily E(E_D) calculated by ignoring radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations and the measured E_D were fairly constant,especially when the daily vapor pressure deficit(D_D)was higher than 0.6 k Pa.These results imply that the effect of spatial variations changes on sap flow can be a minor source of error compared with spatial variations(radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations) when considering E estimates.
