林品生老中医治疗肾炎的经验介绍

林品生老中医治疗肾炎的经验介绍林炽强，李渊泉主题词肾炎／中医药疗法，林品生广东省名老中医林品生，出身于中医世家，肄业于广东省中医专门学校，现任三水市中医院名誉院长、副主任医师，从医５０余载，在辩证治疗肾炎病中经验甚丰，现将随师心得，整理介绍如下。１病...

An Assessment of Non-timber Forest Products in the Four Ecological Zones of Swaziland as a Basis for Policy and Strategy Development

The aim of the study was to assess the flow and inventory values of non-timber foret products （NTFPs）. The methods used for user surveys included literature research, community consultations, household visits and interviews, household profiles and economic valuation models. Resource surveys incorporated a total often sampling plots （50 m × 50 m） under each landscape area in each study area and economic valuation of standing stock. The findings of the study re-affirm that NTFPs play a crucial role on the provision of subsistence and income to people＇s livelihoods, especially the poor and marginalized communities. Harvesting patterns of NTFPs normally vary within and between communities and villages adjacent to natural forests and woodlands. Increased and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs often leads to disappearance of numerous plant species and ultimately forest degradation. The key factors determining the variability in harvested quantities and values per household are： the wealth status, variability of species per site, season and duration of harvesting, commercialization, number of accessible natural woodlands within a site, need and demand, the household profile with regard to gender and age, and farm gate price differences. The study ultimately recommended that government, private sector, NGOs, communities, individuals, all interested and affected parties work together towards matching resource use with resource availability in order to promote sustainable resource use.

Livelihood Factors and Household Strategies for an Unexpected Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice selfsufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers' ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted differentcoping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village(upland crop and livestock production).

Forest Dependent Survival Strategies of Rural Women in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State

This study was conducted in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State. The major objective is to ascertain the forest dependent survival strategies of rural women in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State. The specific objectives are to ascertain the socio- economic characteristics of the women, find out the forest based activities of the women, identify what they do with products collected from the forest, establish how much income they make from such products weekly and identify the challenges of these women in exploiting forest for survival. Ten villages were selected and from the selected communities, 15 women were randomly selected in each community to give 150 respondents. From the result of the survey about 96.0% of the respondents had household sizes of between 6-10 persons. Women collect many forest products which include seeds, herbs, honey, mushroom, fuel wood, snails, stimulants, bitter kola, pear, raffia leaves （fronds）, edible worms, wrapping leaves, spices, bush mango, locust beans, wild fruits, leaves, fuel wood, snails, mushrooms and fruits. Some of the forest products are used for income generation only, some for household use, while others are used for both income generation and household use. The major constraint is the decline in the availability of forest products as a result of deforestation, over exploitation, bush burning and long distance to available forests. The study shows that forest products play a significant role in improving the livelihood of rural people. Rural development and future forest conservation strategies and interventions should pay attention to the contribution of forest products to people＇s livelihood and environmental sustainability.

Eco-certification of non-timber forest products in China:addressing income generation and biodiversity conservation needs

Non-timber forest products（NTFPs） can play a key role in sustainable rural development due to their ability to support rural livelihoods while of their role and potential in conservation and development remains weak. Studies have pointed to important knowlidge gaps that may lead to serious exploitation and unsustainable use of the nanral resource ＂NTFP＂ in China. such as（I） lack of basic lknowledge on germplasm and non-existing or incomplete inventory.（2）no in-depth and long-term monitoring and institutional arrangements to ascertain sustainable extraction levels,（3）insufficient market transparency for communities.（4）incomplete knowledge of NTFP domestication and ist effects on product quality and price and the conservation of wild sources, and （5）no existing research on the full length of the commodity chain for major non-timber forest prochucts and the various actors in the chain. remote mountain regions through the sustainable management of NTFPs. The potential and challenges of oraanic,ecological and Fairtrade certification schemes in the context of smallholder farmers are discussed in more detall.

Promotion of Underutilised Crops for Income Generation and Environmental Sustainability

Over 30% rural families in India live in poverty due to small holdings and low soil productivity. As many underutilised tree species are tolerant to harsh agro-climatic conditions, BAIF promoted agri-horti-forestry on degraded lands inhabited by tribals. Traditionally dependent on non-timber forest products, they selected tamarind （Tamarindus indica）, jackfruit （Artocarpus heterophyllus）, Indian gooseberry （Emblica officinalis） and ber （Zizyphus mauritiana）, apart from mango and cashew for their livelihood. Oilseed trees like neem （Azadirachta indica）, mahua （Madhuca indica） and jatropha （Jatropha curcas） were introduced on field borders, while the interspace was utilised for cultivating food crops. To ensure higher yield and superior quality of the produce, selection of elite germplasm, domestication through standardisation of cultivation practices and facilitation for supply of planting material are essential, apart from increasing the demand by exploring their uses, creating awareness among consumers and establishing a good distribution network, Intercrops like foodgrains, vegetables and medicinal herbs generated additional income and reduced risk in case of failure of underutilised crops. Introduction of underutilised crops on a small scale with local crops and expansion of their cultivation with the demand is recommended.

On Construction of Ecological Economic Forests

To consolidate the results of returning cukivated land into forests and realize sustainable development, it is an important way to develop ecological economic forests at a reasonable scale. At the same time, with the improving quality of people＇s lives, we must pay attention to production of pollution-free green fruits. This paper, from the point of ecological economics, takes the example of date trees for example, presenting the connotation of ecological economic forest and main construction technologies, in order to provide basis for the industrial development after returning cultivated land into forests.