小流域林地空间分布对土壤侵蚀的影响--以陕北吴起县为例

为分析陕北黄土区小流域林地空间格局特征对土壤侵蚀的影响,以陕北吴起县为例,按照1%的均匀抽样比例,选取39个小流域,根据林地面积比例、林地斑块密度指数、林地斑块形状指数、林地植被覆盖度、林地坡位指数等表征林地空间分布特征的指标,运用系统聚类分析法对流域进行分类,分析林地的空间分布特征和土壤侵蚀模数的关系。结果表明:1)39个小流域可以分为4类,第1类林地面积比例较大,分布在中下坡位,第2类林地面积比例较小,分布在中中坡位,第3类林地面积比例很小,分布在中上坡位,第4类林地面积比例很大,分布在中中坡位;2)第1和4类,土壤侵蚀模数和林地植被覆盖度在0.05显著水平上表现出负相关关系,土壤侵蚀模数和林地空间分布特征指数多元线性回归方程的复相关系数为0.577(P<0.05),表明林地植被覆盖度增加是土壤侵蚀的主要抑制因素,同时,林地面积比例、林地斑块密度、林地形状指数的增加也会抑制土壤侵蚀,在一定范围内,林地靠近坡顶不利于防治土壤侵蚀。

山西省永久性生态公益林空间分布研究

根据山西省2018年公益林区划界定成果,分析研究山西省永久性生态公益林空间分布格局。分析结果认为永久性生态公益林保护率差异明显。山西省国土空间永久性生态公益林保护率市级和县级均刚过20%;林地空间永久性生态公益林保护率市级和县级均刚过40%,尚有一定提升空间。针对山西省永久性生态公益林实际情况和分析结果,提出永久性生态公益林的管理建议。

全域土地综合整治背景下的林地耕地空间布局优化路径探索

本文以生态、经济、社会三个方面为研究对象,以全域土地综合整治为背景,研究林地-耕地空间布局优化问题。本文基于林地-耕地空间布局优化理论框架,对影响因素进行分析,探寻优化路径。研究方法主要包括数据的采集和处理,优化算法的选取和实现。通过本项目的研究,可以为实际应用提供一定的理论基础和实际指导。

Driving Factors for Forest Fire Occurrence in Durango State of Mexico:A Geospatial Perspective

Forest fire is one of the major causes of forest loss and therefore one of the main constraints for sustainable forest management worldwide.Identifying the driving factors and understanding the contribution of each factor are essential for the management of forest fire occurrence.The objective of this study is to identify variables that are spatially related to the occurrence and incidence of the forest fire in the State of Durango,Mexico.For this purpose,data from forest fire records for a five-year period were analyzed.The spatial correlations between forest fire occurrence and intensity of land use,susceptibility of vegetation,temperature,precipitation and slope were tested by Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) method,under an Ordinary Least Square estimator.Results show that the spatial pattern of the forest fire in the study area is closely correlated with the intensity of land use,and land use change is one of the main explanatory variables.In addition,vegetation type and precipitation are also the main driving factors.The fitting model indicates obvious link between the variables.Forest fire was found to be the consequence of a particular combination of the environmental factors,and when these factors coexist with human activities,there is high probability of forest fire occurrence.Mandatory regulation of human activities is a key strategy for forest fire prevention.

Changing Rural Development Inequality in Jilin Province, Northeast China

Rural development inequality is an important practical issue during the course of full establishment of a ′moderately well-off society′ in modern China,and the objective understanding and evaluation of the status and regional inequality of rural development can provide scientific basis for ′building a new countryside′ and coordination development of rural-urban regions.Based on the county-level data of 2000,2005 and 2009,this paper examines the rural development inequality of Jilin Province in Northeast China by establishing a rural development index.The spatio-temporal dynamic patterns and domain factors are discussed by using the method of exploratory spatial data analysis and multi-regression model.The results are shown as follows.Firstly,most of the counties were in lower development level,which accounted for 58.3%,62.5% and 66.7% of the total counties in 2000,2005 and 2009,respectively.The characteristics of spatial inequality were very obvious at county level.For example,rural development level of Changchun Proper and the proper of seven prefecture-level cities were much higher than that of the surrounding regions.The counties in the eastern and northern Jilin Province were the lowest regions of rural development level,while the middle counties were the rapid growth areas in rural economy.Secondly,Moran′s I of rural development index(RDI) was 0.01,–0.16 and –0.06 in 2000,2005 and 2009,respectively,which indicated that spatial agglomeration of RDI was not obvious in Jilin Province,and took on the characteristic of random distribution.The counties of both the units and its adjacent units have higher development level(HH) were transferred from the western areas to the eastern areas,while the countries of both the units and its adjacent units have lower development level(LL) were diffused from the eastern to middle and western Jilin Province.Finally,the result of multi-regression analysis showed that the improvement of agricultural production condition,development of agricultural economics and the adjustment of industrial structure were the domain factors affecting rural development inequality of Jilin Province in the later ten years.

Spatial patterns in natural Picea crassifolia forests of northwestern China,as basis for close-to-nature forestry

Close-to-nature forest management has been proposed as an effective method for improving the quality of plantation forests. Knowledge of spatial distribution patterns, structure, and succession trajectories in natural forests can provide guidelines for the establishment of close-to-nature forest plantations. Such knowledge is lacking in natural spruce(Picea crassifolia) forests in the Qilian Mountains of China, impeding the establishment of production forests. We conducted a case study in the Qilian Mountains to analyze the relationships between the naturally-formed forest patches and terrain factors, spatial heterogeneity of stand characteristics, and stand structure following harvesting disturbance. Our results suggested that spruce plantations will be effective on the N, NE, and NW slopes, at elevations between 2700 and 3300 m, and on slopes ranging from 15° to 45°. Further, planted forest patches should occupy 64% of the slope area on semi-shady slopes(NE, NW). Spatial patterns in the studied forest exhibited a strong scale-effect, and an area of 0.25 ha could be used as the most efficient plot scale for the management of spruce plantations. Partial logging is an effective method for the conversion of spruce planted forests into nearnatural forests, and the intensity of partial logging can be determined from the negative exponential function relationship between stand density and DBH. Our results provided critical information for the development of spruce plantations and conversion of existing plantations.

Spatial assessment of forest cover and land-use changes in the Hindu-Kush mountain ranges of northern Pakistan

Anthropogenic activities and natural processes are continuously altering the mountainous environment through deforestation, forest degradation and other land-use changes. It is highly important to assess, monitor and forecast forest cover and other land-use changes for the protection and conservation of mountainous environment. The present study deals with the assessment of forest cover and other land-use changes in the mountain ranges of Dir Kohistan in northern Pakistan, using high resolution multi-temporal SPOT-5 satellite images. The SPOT-5 satellite images of years 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013 were acquired and classified into land-cover units. In addition, forest cover and land-use change detection map was developed using the classified maps of 2004 and 2013. The classified maps were verified through random field samples and Google Earth imagery(Quick birds and SPOT-5). The results showed that during the period 2004 to 2013 the area of forest land decreased by 6.4%, however, area of range land and agriculture land have increased by 22.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Similarly, barren land increased by 1.1%, whereas, area of snow cover/glacier is significantly decreased by 21.3%. The findings from the study will be useful for forestry and landscape planning and can be utilized by the local, provincial and national forest departments; and REDD+ policy makers in Pakistan.

Force Requirement for Stump Lifting

In cutting areas, soil preparation is occasionally necessary before reforestation. The aim of this action is a spatial planning that enables to perform further operations without problems. The removal, collection and transportation of stumps from the soil are part of this action. Issues related to climate change and the shortcoming of fossil energy sources call attention to increase the rate of renewable energy sources. Using the stumps removed from the soil as fuel is a significant resource within the biomass potential. For lifting a stump together with its roots, a grab mounted on a shovel is generally used. The utilisation of the lifted stumps for energy purposes increased worldwide, especially in the Scandinavian countries. In order to rationalise this operation, analyses of stump lifting time have been carried out. Results of some Hungarian experiments are presented below. The authors tested a machine mounting one grab for stump lifting on three tree types （Scots pine, robinia and poplar） and found functions correlating stump extraction force and stump diameter, which can be used in order to choose the right machine and determine the cost of the operation.

Comparison of Interpolation Methods for the Study of Forest Variables Using a Geographic Information System

Interpolation methods in ArcGIS_ESRI Geostatistical Analyst tool allow obtaining unknown values at unsampled points from observed data and generating continuous surfaces. In this paper, forest data variables as tree height and diameter measured in two plots in Central Mountains in Spain. These data were georeferenced to obtain maps that can visualize the spatial variability of these forest variables. In order to evaluate the best interpolation method that could adequately explain the spatial variability of those variables, two interpolation methods were studied： inverse results was made by means of statistical methods to analyze distance weighted （IDW） and Ordinary Kriging （OK）. A comparison of residuals. Results with the kriging method were slightly better.

基于生态保护红线的滇池流域生态空间管控

以滇池流域为研究区,采用GIS空间分析方法,明确生态保护红线与生态空间的内容及相互关系,基于空间分布特征及生态系统类型将生态空间类型划分为林地生态空间、水域生态空间、草地生态空间、荒地生态空间,根据不同管控等级以生态保护红线为界线确定滇池流域生态空间管控区为一级管控区和二级管控区,提出滇池流域生态空间四类两级九区的管制体系及规则,为构建以分类分级管控为导向的流域生态空间管控体系提供理论支撑和实践经验。

Carbon carry capacity and carbon sequestration potential in China based on an integrated analysis of mature forest biomass

Forests play an important role in acting as a carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Although global forests have huge carbon carrying capacity(CCC)and carbon sequestration potential(CSP),there were few quantification reports on Chinese forests.We collected and compiled a forest biomass dataset of China,a total of 5841 sites,based on forest inventory and literature search results.From the dataset we extracted 338 sites with forests aged over 80 years,a threshold for defining mature forest,to establish the mature forest biomass dataset.After analyzing the spatial pattern of the carbon density of Chinese mature forests and its controlling factors,we used carbon density of mature forests as the reference level,and conservatively estimated the CCC of the forests in China by interpolation methods of Regression Kriging,Inverse Distance Weighted and Partial Thin Plate Smoothing Spline.Combining with the sixth National Forest Resources Inventory,we also estimated the forest CSP.The results revealed positive relationships between carbon density of mature forests and temperature,precipitation and stand age,and the horizontal and elevational patterns of carbon density of mature forests can be well predicted by temperature and precipitation.The total CCC and CSP of the existing forests are 19.87 and 13.86 Pg C,respectively.Subtropical forests would have more CCC and CSP than other biomes.Consequently,relying on forests to uptake carbon by decreasing disturbance on forests would be an alternative approach for mitigating greenhouse gas concentration effects besides afforestation and reforestation.