The Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program is one of the Six Key Forestry Projects which were adopted by the Chinese Government since the 1980s to address important natural issues in China. It advanced to protecting a...The Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program is one of the Six Key Forestry Projects which were adopted by the Chinese Government since the 1980s to address important natural issues in China. It advanced to protecting and restoring the structures and functions of the natural forests through sustainable forest management. However, the role of forest carbon storage and tree carbon pool dynamics since the adoption of the NFP remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this study calculated forest carbon storage(tree, understory, forest floor and soil) in the forest region of northeastern(NE) China based on National Forest Inventory databases and field investigated databases. For tree biomass, this study utilized an improved method for biomass estimation that converts timber volume to total forest biomass; while for understory, forest floor and soil carbon storage, this study utilized forest type-specific mean carbon densities multiplied by their areas in the region. Results showed that the tree carbon pool under the NFP in NE China functioned as a carbon sink from 1998 to 2008, with an increase of 6.3 Tg C/yr, which was mainly sequestrated by natural forests(5.1 Tg C/yr). At the same time, plantations also acted as a carbon sink, reflecting an increase of 1.2 Tg C/yr. In 2008, total carbon storage in forests covered by the NFP in NE China was 4603.8 Tg C, of which 4393.3 Tg C was stored in natural forests and 210.5 Tg C in planted forests. Soil was the largest carbon storage component, contributing 69.5%–77.8% of total carbon storage; followed by tree and forest floor, accounting for 16.3%–23.0% and 5.0%–6.5% of total carbon storage, respectively. Understory carbon pool ranged from 1.9 to 42.7 Tg C, accounting for only 0.9% of total carbon storage.展开更多
Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of...Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of industrial woods as shade trees of Coffea canephora. The research was conducted in Jember, Indonesia （45 m asl., D rainfall type according to Schmidt and Ferguson）, and arranged in split plot design. The main plots were （A） coffee-T, grandis （3 m × 2.5 m ×12 m）, （B） coffee-P, falcataria single row （2.5 m ×6 m）, （C） coffee-P, falcataria double rows （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （D） coffee-P, falcataria vat. Solomon （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （E） coffee-M, azedarach （3 m ×5 m ×22.5 m）, （F） coffee-H, macrophyllus （3 m ×5 m ×12.5 m）, and （G） coffee-Leucaena sp. （3 m × 2.5 m） as control. The sub plots were coffee clones, i.e., BP 534, BP 409, BP 936, dan BP 939. Among those timber trees, Leucaena was planted as the alternative shade trees. The result showed that in comparison with control, all of coffee agroforestry system improved carbon sequestration. Total C-stock on （B） was highest, i.e., 1,007 percent to control while the lowest one was （A） 317.44% to control. During one year observation, litter weight of H. macrophyllus was heaviest followed by T. grandis. The lightest litter was obtained from M. azedarach. Based on its mineral contents, litters of T. grandis potentially supplied back nutrients that equaled to total Urea, SP-36, KC1, Dolomite, and Kieserite as much as 574.14 g; P. falcataria 287.57 g, P. falcataria var. Solomon 453.59 g, M. azedarach 450.84 g, H. macrophyllus 877.56 g, and Leucaena 445.12 g per tree per year. Because of heavily fallen leaves of M. azedarach during dry season and conversely too dense shading of H. macrophyllus, bean yield at 4 and 5 years old by using both species were consistently lower than that under T. grandis, P. falcataria and control. At those ages, effect of clone on cherry yield was still not consistent but there was a tendency that BP 939 was most productive, while BP 534 was the less. Its outturn was not influenced by agroforestry system but by clones. The agroforestry pattern influence physical bean characters, more dense of shading, more single bean and empty bean. That bean abnormality also genetically, on BP 939 percentage of round and empty bean was highest while on BP 936 was lowest. It was concluded that coffee agroforestry improve ecology service, but M. azedarach and H. macrophyllus were not appropriate to be used as coffee shade trees. P. falcataria is recommended as an alternative shade tree beside Leucaena sp.展开更多
The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum...The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum Perhutani, as a government enterprise, community forest and estate. The changing log supply from natural forest to plantation forest implies changing of wood species, cutting cycle, log diameter and wood properties. Research concerning the utilization of fast growing species, small log diameter, lesser used species and other llignocellulosic material have been intensively done by some research institutes and universities, and were related to wood properties, wood properties enhancement, wood chemistry, bio-composite, wood engineering, and also non-timber forest products.展开更多
Land use, land-use change and forestry （LULUCF） activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably expanding more emission space for their...Land use, land-use change and forestry （LULUCF） activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably expanding more emission space for their domestic industries and energy production. The loopholes resulted from LULUCF activity types and specific accounting methods are always argued among the different parties, particularly including harvested wood products, influences of force majeure, threshold values of the reference level, and gross-net or net-net accounting methods. For estimating uncertainties in accounting loopholes, and to avoid that developed countries take advantage of the account{ng loopholes of LULUCF to decrease their emission reduction pressure, the LULUCF data submitted from the main developed countries in Annex I, including EU 27, Canada, Japan, and Russia, were collected. According to the analysis of these data, the loopholes influence the accounting results of LULUCF. The results show that the uncertainty of harvested wood products is excessive. The carbon sink produced by LULUCF activities will increase averagely by at least 30% without force majeure. The threshold values of the reference level of carbon sink should be set to a higher level. The net-net accounting method might be more suitable for LULUCF after 2012.展开更多
In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach h...In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach has been a significant means of achieving economic growth to Joensuu, an East Finnish university town of almost 73,500 inhabitants that is located near the Finland-Russia border and approximately 430 kilometers from Finland＇s capital city, Helsinki. Over 70% of the world＇s high-tech forest harvesters are made in Eastern Finland for energy wood harvesting of renewable forests. Annually, over 1,000 harvesters are manufactured in John Deere＇s machine factory in Joensuu. The amount comprises one third of the total amount of known annual harvester manufacture. A harvester costs from 300,000 euros to 400,000 euros. Therefore, the collaborators, regard the activities as significant green business turnover to the region and Joensuu is now a globally recognized brand among wood procurement professionals. Additionally, the Joensuu region is the Finnish center of the Nordic forest machine cluster and education. In this paper, the author will present two examples of fruitful development projects for energy wood harvesting in sustainable energy production.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA05060200)National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2012BAD22B04)Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2012T1Z0006)
文摘The Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program is one of the Six Key Forestry Projects which were adopted by the Chinese Government since the 1980s to address important natural issues in China. It advanced to protecting and restoring the structures and functions of the natural forests through sustainable forest management. However, the role of forest carbon storage and tree carbon pool dynamics since the adoption of the NFP remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this study calculated forest carbon storage(tree, understory, forest floor and soil) in the forest region of northeastern(NE) China based on National Forest Inventory databases and field investigated databases. For tree biomass, this study utilized an improved method for biomass estimation that converts timber volume to total forest biomass; while for understory, forest floor and soil carbon storage, this study utilized forest type-specific mean carbon densities multiplied by their areas in the region. Results showed that the tree carbon pool under the NFP in NE China functioned as a carbon sink from 1998 to 2008, with an increase of 6.3 Tg C/yr, which was mainly sequestrated by natural forests(5.1 Tg C/yr). At the same time, plantations also acted as a carbon sink, reflecting an increase of 1.2 Tg C/yr. In 2008, total carbon storage in forests covered by the NFP in NE China was 4603.8 Tg C, of which 4393.3 Tg C was stored in natural forests and 210.5 Tg C in planted forests. Soil was the largest carbon storage component, contributing 69.5%–77.8% of total carbon storage; followed by tree and forest floor, accounting for 16.3%–23.0% and 5.0%–6.5% of total carbon storage, respectively. Understory carbon pool ranged from 1.9 to 42.7 Tg C, accounting for only 0.9% of total carbon storage.
文摘Coffee cultivation by using shade trees is simple of agroforestry, this system could get better ecosystem service and sustainable agricultural. The aims of this research are to study the possibility of some species of industrial woods as shade trees of Coffea canephora. The research was conducted in Jember, Indonesia （45 m asl., D rainfall type according to Schmidt and Ferguson）, and arranged in split plot design. The main plots were （A） coffee-T, grandis （3 m × 2.5 m ×12 m）, （B） coffee-P, falcataria single row （2.5 m ×6 m）, （C） coffee-P, falcataria double rows （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （D） coffee-P, falcataria vat. Solomon （3 m× 2.5 m × 12 m）, （E） coffee-M, azedarach （3 m ×5 m ×22.5 m）, （F） coffee-H, macrophyllus （3 m ×5 m ×12.5 m）, and （G） coffee-Leucaena sp. （3 m × 2.5 m） as control. The sub plots were coffee clones, i.e., BP 534, BP 409, BP 936, dan BP 939. Among those timber trees, Leucaena was planted as the alternative shade trees. The result showed that in comparison with control, all of coffee agroforestry system improved carbon sequestration. Total C-stock on （B） was highest, i.e., 1,007 percent to control while the lowest one was （A） 317.44% to control. During one year observation, litter weight of H. macrophyllus was heaviest followed by T. grandis. The lightest litter was obtained from M. azedarach. Based on its mineral contents, litters of T. grandis potentially supplied back nutrients that equaled to total Urea, SP-36, KC1, Dolomite, and Kieserite as much as 574.14 g; P. falcataria 287.57 g, P. falcataria var. Solomon 453.59 g, M. azedarach 450.84 g, H. macrophyllus 877.56 g, and Leucaena 445.12 g per tree per year. Because of heavily fallen leaves of M. azedarach during dry season and conversely too dense shading of H. macrophyllus, bean yield at 4 and 5 years old by using both species were consistently lower than that under T. grandis, P. falcataria and control. At those ages, effect of clone on cherry yield was still not consistent but there was a tendency that BP 939 was most productive, while BP 534 was the less. Its outturn was not influenced by agroforestry system but by clones. The agroforestry pattern influence physical bean characters, more dense of shading, more single bean and empty bean. That bean abnormality also genetically, on BP 939 percentage of round and empty bean was highest while on BP 936 was lowest. It was concluded that coffee agroforestry improve ecology service, but M. azedarach and H. macrophyllus were not appropriate to be used as coffee shade trees. P. falcataria is recommended as an alternative shade tree beside Leucaena sp.
文摘The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum Perhutani, as a government enterprise, community forest and estate. The changing log supply from natural forest to plantation forest implies changing of wood species, cutting cycle, log diameter and wood properties. Research concerning the utilization of fast growing species, small log diameter, lesser used species and other llignocellulosic material have been intensively done by some research institutes and universities, and were related to wood properties, wood properties enhancement, wood chemistry, bio-composite, wood engineering, and also non-timber forest products.
基金supported by China "973" projects of Special Negotiating Problems for LULUCF Response to Climate Change(No2010CB955702)Space-time Pattern of Carbon and Nitrogen and Water Flux of Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem and its Regional Response(No 2010CB833504)
文摘Land use, land-use change and forestry （LULUCF） activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably expanding more emission space for their domestic industries and energy production. The loopholes resulted from LULUCF activity types and specific accounting methods are always argued among the different parties, particularly including harvested wood products, influences of force majeure, threshold values of the reference level, and gross-net or net-net accounting methods. For estimating uncertainties in accounting loopholes, and to avoid that developed countries take advantage of the account{ng loopholes of LULUCF to decrease their emission reduction pressure, the LULUCF data submitted from the main developed countries in Annex I, including EU 27, Canada, Japan, and Russia, were collected. According to the analysis of these data, the loopholes influence the accounting results of LULUCF. The results show that the uncertainty of harvested wood products is excessive. The carbon sink produced by LULUCF activities will increase averagely by at least 30% without force majeure. The threshold values of the reference level of carbon sink should be set to a higher level. The net-net accounting method might be more suitable for LULUCF after 2012.
文摘In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach has been a significant means of achieving economic growth to Joensuu, an East Finnish university town of almost 73,500 inhabitants that is located near the Finland-Russia border and approximately 430 kilometers from Finland＇s capital city, Helsinki. Over 70% of the world＇s high-tech forest harvesters are made in Eastern Finland for energy wood harvesting of renewable forests. Annually, over 1,000 harvesters are manufactured in John Deere＇s machine factory in Joensuu. The amount comprises one third of the total amount of known annual harvester manufacture. A harvester costs from 300,000 euros to 400,000 euros. Therefore, the collaborators, regard the activities as significant green business turnover to the region and Joensuu is now a globally recognized brand among wood procurement professionals. Additionally, the Joensuu region is the Finnish center of the Nordic forest machine cluster and education. In this paper, the author will present two examples of fruitful development projects for energy wood harvesting in sustainable energy production.
