“果保”对妃子笑荔枝果实产量和品质的影响

在普宁市果树研究中心荔枝园和梅塘镇泗坑荔枝场进行"果保"肥效试验,结果表明,"果保"500倍和800倍均能提高荔枝的产量和品质,单株产量增加22.13%～23.16%,单果重增长5.32%～6.28%,可溶性固形物含量提高6.52%～7.85%,但两个浓度无显著差异。

Study on the Preservation of Fresh Chinese Wolfberry Fruit at Room Temperature by Chitosan Coating

[Objective] The aim was to study the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit via chitosan coating. [Method] Using Chinese wolfberry "Ningqi No. 1" as experimental material, the fresh fruits were coated by different concentrations of chitosan(0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.50% and 1.75%) at room temperature to study the changes in weight loss rate, rate of rotten fruits rot, soluble solid content and vitamin C(Vc) content. [Result] Of all the treatments, the fruits coated with 1.25% chitosan showed lowest rate of rotten fruit and weight loss rate, and highest Vc and soluble solid content, presenting the optimal fresh-keeping effect. [Conclusion] Chitosan coating is helpful for the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit at room temperature.

Effects of Calcium Sprays and Different Storage Treatment on the Preservation of Malus pumila Mill. Cv. ‘Jinguan’

Taking Malus pumila Mill, Cv. ‘Jinguan＇ as test matedal, the storage quality of the apples under the different storage conditions of plastic membrane atmosphere storage （MAP）, fruit wax coating, chitosan treatment with different calcium fertilizers were studied. The results showed that different storage modes inhibited the fruit rotting and weight loss, delayed the decrease of fruit hardness and titratable acid content, reduced the soluble solid content, inhibited the degradation of vitamin C. The suitable treatment had good effect on preservation of apple fruits, in which 1% chitosan treatment had the best effect.

Effects of Different Preservative Treatments on Physiological Metabolism and Preservation of Sweet Cherry

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different preservative treatments on physiological metabolism and preservation of sweet cherry. [Method] Sweet cherry （Prunus avium var. Summit） was soaked into benziothiazolinone （1 000 ppm）, lysozyme （500 ppm）, lysozyme （500 ppm） ＋ NPS polysaccharide （5 000 ppm） and water for 5 min, respectively. Non-treated sweet cherry was set as control. All the sweet cherries were then put into 3 mm thick PE bags and preserved at （-0.5±0.5） ℃. [Result] The results showed that the malate dehydrogenase （MDH） activity of benziothiazolinone treatment researched a significant peak on the 14 th d, while the MDH activity of Lysozyme （500 ppm）, Lysozyme （500 ppm） ＋ NPS polysaccharide （5 000 ppm） and water treatments began to increase on the 20 th d; the polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity in various treatments showed a decreasing trend during the experiment, which researched a significant peak on the 14 th d, while that in water treatment was decreased consistently; on the 21 st d, the PPO activity in each treatment increased slowly; the titratable acid （TA） content in preservative treatments was higher than that in both water treatment and control; the soluble solid （SSC） content showed no significant difference between various treatments and between experimental treatment and control; on the 40 th d, the healthy fruit rate in preservative treatments was significantly higher than that in water treatment and control. [Conclusion] Benziothiazolinone, lysozyme and other preservatives show good effects on preservation of sweet cherry; lysozyme treatment can decrease the activity of malate dehydrogenase, maintain the relatively high content of organic acid and significantly improve the healthy fruit rate within a certain period of time.

Effect of Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights on Postharvest Quality of Chinese Chive Scapes

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan with different molecular weights on quality and lignification of postharvest Chi- nese chive scapes （Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel）. [Method] Some physio- logical and biochemical indexes such as weight loss, decay index, opening rate of flowers, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content, respiration rate, the activities of enzymes, lignin and cellulose content of Chinese chive scapes treated with three kinds of chitosan with different molecular weights were investigated during the room stor- age at 20 ℃ to simulate shelf life. [Result] The results showed that all the treat- ments of chitosan with different molecular weights significantly delayed weight loss, decay index and opening rate of flowers, maintained higher chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content, inhibited respiration rate, reduced the activities of enzymes phenylala- nine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and peroxidase, and retarded lignin and cellulose accumulation during the storage of Chinese chive scapes. However, high molecular weight chitosan has better preservation effect on Chinese chive scapes. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the coating treatment of high molecu- lar weight chitosan may be a promising technique to maintain postharvest quality of Chinese chive scapes.

Antisepsis and Fresh-keeping Effects of Natamycin Coating Compounds Treatment on Red Global Grape

The aim was to research fresh-keeping effects of natamycin on cold-pre- served grape. Red globe grapes were processed with compound coating liquid of chitosan with mass fraction at 1% and natamycin with mass fractions at 0.20% （T1）, 0.40% （T2） and 0.60% （T3）, respectively. Grapes processed with water （CK3） and 1% chitosan （CK2） were taken as control groups. Rotten rate, seed shattering rate, mass loss rate, respiratory intensity and related physiological quality in test and control groups were compared. The results indicated that respiratory intensity, mass loss rate, rotten rate and seed shattering rate in CK1 were all higher than those in CK2. In addition, T1, T2 and T3 were lower in the indices than CK1 and CK2, but still kept at a high level in fruit hardness. Furthermore, mass fractions of Vc and titratable acid declined more slowly in T1, T2 and T3, compared with CK1 and CK2. Natamycin better preserved grapes and prolonged storage period. In general, natamycin with mass fraction at 0.4% proved best in fresh-keeping.

Fruit protected cultivation in China

Protected fruit cultivation in China has developed very quickly from the early 1990s, and now it is an important branch in fruit cultivation. A brief review including fruit species, developing history, growing area, output, and distribution in the whole country is made in the paper. Characteristics of the dominant kinds of greenhouse, environmental control methods, and standards of temperature, humidity, light and CO2 for different fruit species are presented. Information on varieties, growing benefits, special management practices and other aspects of the main fruit species used for protected cultivation are also presented.

Promotion of the articular cartilage proteoglycan degradation by T-2 toxin and selenium protective effect

Objective: To identify the relationship between T-2 toxin and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD),the effects of T-2 toxin on aggrecan metabolism in human chondrocytes and cartilage were investigated in vitro. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage and cultured in vitro. Hyaluronic acid (HA),soluble CD44 (sCD44),IL-1β and TNF-α levels in super-natants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD44 content in chondrocyte membrane was deter-mined by flow cytometry (FCM). CD44,hyaluronic acid synthetase-2 (HAS-2) and aggrecanases mRNA levels in chondrocytes were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunocytochemical method was used to investigate expressions of BC-13,3-B-3(-) and 2-B-6 epitopes in the cartilage reconstructed in vitro. Results: T-2 toxin inhibited CD44,HAS-2,and aggrecan mRNA expressions,but promoted aggrecanase-2 mRNA expression. Meanwhile,CD44 expression was found to be the lowest in the chondrocytes cultured with T-2 toxin and the highest in control plus selenium group. In addition,ELISA results indicated that there were higher sCD44,IL-1β and TNF-α levels in T-2 toxin group. Similarly,higher HA levels were also observed in T-2 toxin group using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA). Furthermore,using monoclonal antibodies BC-13,3-B-3 and 2-B-6,strong positive immunostaining was found in the reconstructed cartilage cultured with T-2 toxin,whereas no positive staining or very weak staining was observed in the cartilage cultured without T-2 toxin. Selenium could partly inhibit the effects of T-2 toxin above. Conclusion: T-2 toxin could inhibit aggrecan synthesis,promote aggrecanases and pro-inflammatory cytokines production,and consequently induce aggrecan degradation in chondrocytes. These will perturb metabolism balance between aggrecan synthesis and degradation in cartilage,inducing aggrecan loss in the end,which may be the initiation of the cartilage degradation.

A Research on Consciousness of Tax Payers About Environmental Tax in Erzurum

As environmental pollution increases, measures taken cannot follow increasing issues causing environmental pollution. Thus, important items required for human life such as air, water, and soil are polluted rapidly and threatened human health. Humanity produce and consume various goods and services in order to meet current requirements as well as pollute the environment required for maintaining life and source for these activities. Environmental taxes are adopted as one of the precautions for avoiding pollution of necessary components to sustain human life. This study aims to determine the sensitivities of 597 tax payers to environmental taxes, who contribute to environmental direct or indirect regulations with income, motor vehicle, special consumption, and sanitation taxes. The findings of the questionnaire suggest that corresponding taxpayers in Erzurum are sensitive to environmental taxes and that they tend to adopt any environmental tax being performed while this tax is intended to protect the environment.

Pay attention to the rehabilitation of cancer patients—Excerpts of the 2013 NCCN Guidelines for Survivorship

For some survivors, the consequences of cancer are minimal; these patients can return to a normal life after the completion of treatment. In fact, a majority of cancer survivors report being in good general health and experience good to excellent quality of life. A recent review suggests that at least 50% of survivors suffer from some late effects of cancer treatment. The most common problems in cancer survivors are depression, pain, and fatigue. The guidelines suggest the following standards for survivorship care:(1) prevention of new and recurrent cancers and other late effects;(2) surveillance for cancer spread, recurrence, or second cancers;(3) assessment of late psychosocial and medical effects;(4) intervention for consequences of cancer and treatment(eg, medical problems, symptoms, psychologic distress, financial and social concerns); and(5) coordination of care between primary care providers and specialists to ensure that all of the survivor's health needs are met. The NCCN Survivorship Panel hopes that these guidelines can help both oncologic and primary health care professionals lessen the burden left on survivors by their cancer experience so they can transition back to a rewarding life.

Analytical and numerical modeling for the effects of thermal insulation in underground tunnels

The heat How generated from the infinite rock mass surrounding the underground tunnels is a major cause for the increasing cooling demands in deep mine tunnels.Insulation layers with lower thermal conductivities on tunnel walls and roof ceilings are believed to supply a thermo-barrier for heat abatement.However,it is found that no systematic theoretical investigations were made to predict and confirm the effectiveness of underground thermal insulation.Specifically,investigations on the underground insulation problems involving heat flows through the semi-infinite hot rock mass and insulation layer were not sufficient.Thus,in this paper,the thermal characteristics,accompanied with heat flow through the semi-infinite rock mass and the insulation layer,were modeled by both analytical and numerical methods with focus on underground mine tunnels.The close agreements between models have indicated that the thermal insulation applied on tunnel surfaces is able to provide promising heat abatement effects.

Protective effect of ilomastat on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

AIM： To evaluate the protective effects of ilomastat, an exogenous matrix metalloproteinase （MMP） inhibitor, on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNB）-induced ulcerative colitis （UC） in rats. METHODS： Male SD rats were randomly divided into model group, protective groups A and B, and normal control group. Rats in the model group received only intra-colonic TNB. Rats in the protective groups A and B received intra-peritoneal ilomastat of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively, beside TNB. Rats in the normal control group received only intra-colonic normal saline. After 3 wk, segments of colon were obtained. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used for pathological study. RESULTS： The model of UC was successfully induced in rats. Inflammation of colonic mucosa greatly improved in protective groups A and B. Expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in the model group, protective groups A and B was significantly higher than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.0001） with MMP-1 expression increased more significantly than TIMP-1 expression. Expression of MMP-1 in protective groups A and B was significantly lower than that in the model group （P 〈 0.0001）. Expression of MMP-1 in protective group B was significantly lower than that in protective group A （P 〈 0.0001）. CONCLUSION： IIomastat improves TNB-induced UC in rats by inhibiting the MMP-1 activity.

Pollen Germination in vitro and Pollen Storage of the Eggplant(Solanummelongena L.)

The eggplant (Solanummelongena L.) is widely cultivated across the world.Technology regarding the in vitro germination and preservation of eggplant pollen is important for the production of hybrid seeds.In this work,the suitable cultural medium and time for the germination of fresh and dried pollen was investigated.The results showed that a suitable medium for eggplant pollen germination was 0.5% agar+5% sucrose+0.01% boric acid+0.01% GA3,the suitable culture time was 2 h for fresh pollen and 4 h for dried pollen stored at low temperature.GA3 could induce the germination of dried and stored pollen. The better way to dry anthers was 4 h in a desiccator at 25~30℃.We also found that pollen from the second to the fourth branch has the highest germination rate. Furthermore,there were no significant differences in the seed setting rates among the different storage temperatures and storage times,whereas the number of viable seeds formed per fruit differed significantly,which was 87.3% more for pollen stored at -80℃ and fresh pollen than that stored at 4℃.This work optimized pollen storage conditions and is helpful to eggplant hybrid seed production.

Theoretical Study of Hydration Effects on the Selectivity of 18-Crown-6 Between K~＋ and Na~＋

A combination of molecular dynamics （MD） and density functional theory （DFT） calculations were used to study the hydration structures of K＋ and Na＋ ions under the confinement of 18-crown-6 in order to identify the role of water in the selectivity of 18-crown-6 towards K＋.The radial distribution functions,coordination num-bers,orientation structures and interaction energies were analyzed to investigate the hydration of K＋ and Na＋ in 18-crown-6/cation complexes.All calculations of K＋ and Na＋ in bulk water were also conducted for comparison.The simulation results show that the orientation distributions of the water molecules in the first coordination shell of K＋ are more sensitive to the confinement of 18-crown-6 than those of Na＋.It is more favorable to confine a K＋ in 18-crown-6 than a Na＋ in terms of interaction energy.Good agreement is obtained between MD results and DFT results.

Arsenic trioxide enhances the therapeutic efficacy of adjuvant post-operative chemotherapy of gastric carcinoma while protecting bone marrow

Objective： The aim of the study was to investigate the prospective study if treatment with arsenic trioxide （AS2O3） could enhance disease-free survival as adjuvant post-operative chemotherapy for gastric cancer patients and protect bone marrow from the negative effects of chemotherapy. Methods： 84 adults were randomized into two groups. Patients in treament group were treated with As2O3 and FOLFOX regimen, the other were administered with FOLFOX regimen only. Results： Four patients were withdrawn in treatment group after 3-4 cycles and the reasons were headache and fidgety （n = 2）, rhythmia （n = 1） and AST/ALT elevation （n = 1）, while 1 patient in control group after 4 cycles for neutropenia. In the treatment group, the median DFS was 28.34 months （95% CI, 25-33 months）. While in control group, the median DFS was 24.50 months （95% CI, 20-30 months）. This difference was not statistically significant （chi-square： 2.8885; P value： 0.0892）. Pa- tients in the same subgroup of node-positive was 29 in the treatment group and 32 in control group, respectively. The median DFS was 27.87 months （95% CI, 25-31 months） in the treatment group and 24.18 months （95% CI, 19-31 months） in the control group with promising statistical significance （HR 1.89; chi-square： 4.78; P value： 0.0287）. The most common grades 3-4 toxicity was leucopenia （n = 11） in control group and the difference was significant （chi-square： 3.9768, P value： 0.046） compared with that in treatment group （n = 4）. Conclusion： The combination of arsenic trioxide and FOLFOX regimen has a potential advantage of enhancing disease-free survival in patients with gastric cancer in nodal-positive status as post-operative chemotherapy, and protect bone marrow from the negative effects of chemotherapy.

The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resource under Different Commitment

There are few papers in the literature focusing on the issue of the optimal depletion of exhaustible resources in the framework of variable time preference. This paper attempts to analyze the pure consumption of exhaustible resource under hy- perbolic time preference, and to discuss the optimal depletion rate and the effect of the protection of the exhaustible resource under different commitment abilities. The results of model show that the case of the hyperbolic discount with the full commitment of the govemment is equivalent to the case of constant discount of the social planner problem. In that case, the optimal depletion rate and the initial consumption of exhaustible resource are the slowest. On the contrary, they are the highest and the myopic behaviors lead to excessive consumption of exhaustible resources inevitably without commitment. Otherwise, in the case of partial commit- ment, the results are between the cases of full commitment and of no commitment. Therefore, with the hyperbolic time preference, the optimal depletion rate of resource depends on the commitment ability. Higher commitment ability leads to lower effective rate of time preference, and consequently, lower depletion rate and lower initial depletion value. The improvement of commitment ability can decrease the impatience and myopia behaviors, and contribute to the protection of the exhaustible resources.

Survey and Conservation of Indigenous Fruits of Western Ghats

Western Ghats region of India is one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. The topography, wide rainfall variation and varied temperature conditions enable inhabitancy of several plant species. This plant wealth is being used in various forms by tribes and natives of the area for centuries. These gain further importance due to the fact that ripe fruits serve as a source of food and medicine to tribes throughout the year. These wild fruits are source of minerals and vitamins in the diet of the rural people. The potential productivity and floristic diversity of the area have attracted the experts. There are more than 50 wild edible fruit species are available in Western Ghats region. These belong to 25 families and 38 genera. Out of the 25 families, the important ones as a source of fruits are Apocynaceae, Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Sapotaceae and Sapindaceae. The fruiting period of different species ranges between two and six months. The highest number of species mature from April to May. The availability of these fruits reduces after October. Some of these fruits, such as Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Carissa carandas, Emblica officinalis and Syzygium cuminii, have been given emphasis in order to identify high yield and high fruit quality clones and standardization of production technologies. The collection, conservation and utilization on some of the fruits, such as Garcinia indica and Garcinia gummigutta have started at various research organizations. Some other fruits, namely Chrysophyllum roxburghii （Family Sapotaceae）, Canthium parviflora Lamk syn. Plectronia parviflora （Lam.） Bedd. （Family Rubiaceae）, Elaeagnus conferta Roxbsyn, Elaeagnus latifolia L. （Family Elaeagnaceae）, Securina leucopyrus syn. Flueggea leucopyrus （Family Euphorbiaceae）, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. （Family Elaeocarpaceae）, Nephelium stipulacum Bedd. syn. Doratoxylon stipulatum （Family Sapindaceae） have potential for commercial cultivation. Thus, attempts were made with the objective of recording availability of these species, proximate analysis and their on farm and off farm conservation at Central Horticultural Experiment Station （CHES）. Few plants were also provided to local growers on farm conservation. The continuous depletion of forest and the increasing human disturbance resulted in losses of these species. There is need to conserve these fruits for future.

Adaptive audio watermarking based on SNR in localized regions

In this paper, a novel localized audio watermarking scheme based on signal to noise ratio （SNR） to determine a scaling parameter a is proposed. The basic idea is to embed watermark in selected high inflexion regions, and the intensity of embedded watermarks are modified by adaptively adjusting a. As these high inflexion local regions usually correspond to music edges like sound of percussion instruments, explosion or transition of mixed music, which represent the music rhythm or tempo and are very important to human auditory perception, the embedded watermark is especially expected to escape the distortions caused by time domain synchronization attacks. Taking advantage of localization and SNR, the method shows strong robustness against common problems in audio signal processing, random cropping, time scale modification, etc.

Fresh keeping techniques for purple cabbage

The cold storage period of purple cabbage packaged with the respirat ory cling film may last 150 days at 2℃by dipping the root with 200×iprodione. Normal temperature storage and quick-freezing storage(-18℃) are not suitable for purple cabbage.

Experiment study on solidification effect of sewer sludge

Materials such as cement and composite active admixture were mixed in definite ratio to consolidate sewer sludge, which had been dried and smashed. Two kinds of solidified bodies were designed. A represented the solidified body which had not used any composite active admixture, and B represented the one which used composite active admixture as one of its compositions. The results show that the compressive strength （28 d） of these solidified bodies can reach 30 MPa under the standard maintain condition which could be used as subgrade material. The concentration of heavy metals in solidified body was far less than identification standard for hazardous wastes of China. Heavy metals were stabilized and solidified effectively. The organic matter in these solidified bodies of 56 d was 80 percent less than that in raw sludge. A large quantity of bacteria could also be killed because of the basic condition in solidified body. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） test explained the reason that solidified body B showed better properties in all tests.