灌溉方式对红富士苹果根系活力和新梢生长及果实产量质量的影响

为了筛选适合太行山片麻岩山地果园的节水灌溉方式,以长富2苹果为试材,研究了滴灌、微喷、小管出流、大水漫灌和不灌5个灌溉方式下红富士苹果根系活力、新梢生长、果实产量和品质。结果表明,在滴灌、微喷和小管出流的灌溉总量比大水漫灌减少了54.2%、53.1%、54.8%的情况下,小管出流根系活力在6月22日达到最高,为276.20μg/(g.h),滴灌、大水漫灌和微喷根系活力在7月21日达到最高,不灌根系活力在5月20日最高,以后随处理时间的延长逐渐降低,小管出流根系活力均值为260.19μg/(g.h),显著高于其它处理;大水漫灌、微喷、滴灌、小管出流、不灌5个处理在9月底新梢长度分别为60.86、48.25、40.84、41.653、1.81 cm;大水漫灌的单株产量最高,为50.33 kg,与小管出流和滴灌无显著差异,小管出流的糖酸比最高,为44.28,极显著高于其它处理。说明在太行山片麻岩山地果园,小管出流灌溉是能够使树体维持较高根系活力、平衡生长和保持较高产量和品质的较优节水灌溉方式。

木莓果实红色素的理化性质及其稳定性

对木莓 (RubusswinhoeiHance)果实中提取的红色素理化性质进行了探讨 ,并就光、温度、pH值、氧化还原介质、7种金属离子、葡萄糖、蔗糖和苯甲酸钠等对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,木莓鲜果中总花色苷含量高 ,属水溶性花色苷类。该色素对热的耐受性较好 ,但耐氧化还原性和耐Vc较差 ;7种金属离子中Na+ 、Mg2 + 、Al3 +和较高浓度Mn2 + (≥ 5 .0mmol/L)对该色素的稳定性较好 ,并有不同程度的护色效果 ,Zn2 + 对其稳定性较好 ,而Fe3 +和Cu2 + 对其稳定性有明显的影响或破坏作用 ;葡萄糖。

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer and Compound Feritlizer Mixed Application on Yield and Fruit Quality and Flowering and Fruit Setting of Following Year of Apple

In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

Effects of Special Plant Nutritional Elements on Honey Pomelo Fruits

[Objective] The effects of special plant nutritional elements on honey pomelo fruits were investigated. [Method] After the honey pomelo flowers faded, the special plant nutritional elements （SPNE） were sprayed on the honey pomelo plants. After an interval of 20 d or more, the SPNE were sprayed again. A total of 4 times of spraying were carried out before the harvesting. Then difference in yield, quality, fruit weight, fruit appearance, ball weight and internal characteristics were compared between the SPNE treatment group and the control group. [Result] Compared to that of the control group, the fruit number per plant of the SPNE treatment group was more, and the average fruit weight was higher, resulting in the higher yield in the SPNE treatment group. At the same time, the vitamin C and soluble solids con- tent in honey pomelo fruits of the treatment group was higher than that of the con- trol group. The quality of honey pomelo fruits was higher in the SPNE treatment group. The honey pomelo fruits treated with SPNE were bigger, more shining and cleaner. The fruits in the treatment group had no scar, but had more beautiful shape. The exocarp of the treatment group was thinner than that of the control group. The ball weight of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the ball appearance of the treatment group was cleaner. In the treatment group, the pulp segments were bigger and more consistent in size. In ad- dition, there were no internal cracks in the pulp segments. The fruits of the treat- ment group were more sparkling and more transparent. They tasted better. [Con- clusion] We hoped to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield- ing production of honey pomelo.

Review on Effects of Application of Exogenous Growth Regulating Substance on Fruits Weight of Peach

The effects of exogenous growth regulating substance on the fruit weight of peach were reviewed. Paclobutrazol could increase the single fruit weight in dif- ferent degree, and cytokinins could also increase the single fruit weight. GA3 and B9 had no effect on fruit size or on reducing single fruit weight. Chlorflurenol-methy, ABT and salicylic acid had no effect on fruit size. Suggestions on the future re- search were put forward.

Study on Grafting and Cultivation of ‘Spartan'Blueberry

The results of grafting improvement and cultivation trials in the Yangtze River Delta of China showed that the rootstock cultivar had a great influence on plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＂Spartan＂ blueberry. Among the seven rootstock-scion combinations, the northern highbush blueberry （Vaccinium corymbosum） cultivar ＂Croaton＇-＇Spartan＇ combination showed well-healed graft unions, large branch amount, early fruit bearing, high yield, excellent fruit quality and almost no tillers. As a kind of rootstock, ＂Croaton＇ was better than non-grafted ＇Spartan＇ and the two rabbiteye blueberry cultivars ＇Premier＇ and ＇Gardenblue＇. The grafting pattern showed no significant stimulating effect on the plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry in this area, but the overall performance of greenwood cleft grafting was better than that of inlaid bud grafting. Suitable rootstock cultivar and grafting pattern significantly improve plant arowth and development, fruit vield and aualitv of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry.

Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Pineapple Grown on BRIS Soil

The physical and chemical properties of BRIS （beach ridges interspersed with swales） soil are unsuitable for agricultural purposes. A proper fertilizer and crop management practices are required. The relationship between different level of nitrogen fertilizer, growth and pineapple fruit yield vary N36 were studied. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design of seven treatments with four replicates, Prior to artificial flower induction, seven different rates of nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000 and 1,200 kg-ha^-1 were applied in four equal split doses. As the level of nitrogen fertilizer was increased, a decrease in acidity of fruits and an increase in crown weight were observed. However an increase in mean length of D leaf, mean fruit length, mean fruit weight, mean fruit to crown ratio were obtained as the rate of nitrogen fertilizer was increased from 0-600 kg.N-ha^-1. Further increase however led to a decrease in the same parameters.

Effect of Fertilization in Organic Nursery for Later Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in the Orchard

There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.

Positive Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Physiological Response and Fruit Yield in Citrus Orchards： Implications for Sustainable Water Savings

Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×Poncirus Trifoliata L. Osb.）. The trees were subjected to two irrigation treatments： （1） sustainable deficit irrigation （SDI） established with water supplied at 60% of the crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and （2） low frequency deficit irrigation （LFDI） irrigated according to the plant water status. In addition, a treatment irrigated at 100% of ETc was included as a control （C）. Midday stem-water potential （ψUstem）, stomatal conductance （gs）, and micrometric trunk diameter fluctuations were measured during the maximum evapotranspirative demand period to evaluate the plant-water status, and establish the main relationships among them. The seasonal pattern of the studied variables had a behavior consistent with the contributions made by the volumes of applied irrigation water. Especially significant close relationships of ψstem with gs, and with the maximum daily shrinkage （MDS） were found. The lowest ψstem and gs values were registered in the treatments with lowest irrigations levels （SDI and LFDI）, being the MDS was significative higher than in the C treatment. The LFDI showed an oscillating behavior in these parameters, which was on line with the supplied irrigation restrictions cycles. Thus, according to the results of the present experiment the physiological stress indexes based in MDS or ψstem allow establishing different irrigation restriction cycles, encouraging important water saving without significant impact on yield and the fruit quality parameters.

Predicting Pepper Fruit Yield Based on Temperature and Solar Radiation

Two separate experiments were conducted in bell pepper （Capsicum annum L.） in order to evaluate the effects of temperature and radiation on fruit yield. The results of the temperature experiment were integrated into the radiation experiment to give an overall empirical model for potential pepper fruit yield grown in greenhouse. In the temperature experiment, pepper plants were planted during the summer time of Israel in the Arava region in a commercial, one hectare greenhouse, equipped with a cooling wet-mat system. Eleven plots were assigned along the 80 m down the row from the wet mat. Air seasonal temperatures were affected by the distance from the wet-mat and linearly increased at the rate of 0.036 ℃/m, while relative humidity was not affected. Fruit yield dropped from 19.4 kg/m at a distance of 20 m, to 13.1 kg/m2 at 80 m away from the wet-mat, respectively. Yield regression decreased linearly with increased temperature at -11%/℃. In the radiation experiment, during the summer time of Israel in the Western Negev region, three sweet pepper varieties were grown under six radiation treatments, which accumulated to the following relative global radiation fractions （lint/lout）： 0.72, 0.61, 0.46, 0.38, 0.32 and 0.21 from outside radiation. The three varieties did not differ in their response to radiation. The seasonal temperature normalized yield response to radiation quantity at 21 ℃ （Y21） yielded a linear regression formula with a slope of 7.6 × 10^-3 kg/m^2/MJ. The multiplicative model of temperature and radiation on fruit yield was found to predict well the potential fruit yield for various locations and seasons in Israel.

Influence of Agricultural Inputs on Growth and Yield of Jatropha curcas （L.） in Cameroon

A study was carried out in the Northern region of Cameroon to assess the influence of fertilizers （chemical fertilizer NPK （15-20-15 w/w/w） or cow dung） on the growth and yield ofJatropha curcas from four origins namely Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania and Mozambique. The experimental design was factorial with 4 origins×3 fertilizers×8 month durations. After planting, growth parameters and dendrometric measurements were carried out monthly during eight months. Data were analyzed using a Statgraphics program and Duncan test. The results showed that plant of Tanzania and Mozambique origin had higher germination rate in field 75% and 69.5%, respectively. The survival rate of transplants was 100% for Cameroon origin and 98.48% for Senegal origin. NPK and cow dung significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the growth parameters height, diameter, number of ramifications, leaves and fruits of Jatropha curcas. In addition Jatropha from Cameroon origin exhibited the highest growing conditions and high fruit yield, then highlighting its potential for the biofuel program of the country. But significant improvement needs to be done, particularly on the level of fertilizer needed.

Primary Metabolites and Energy of Oak Fruits （Quercus spp.） in Khamza Mountain Oak Forest in Sulaimani I Iraqi Kurdistan Region

This study was conducted to determine primary metabolites （protein, fat and total carbohydrate） and energy in various parts of Oak fruit （cotyledon, pericarp and cupules） for each of Quercus aegilops Subsp. brantii, Quercus infectoria and Quercus libani. Oak fruits were collected during October in 2008 from three different native species of Quercus spp. in Khamza Mountain oak forest in Sulaimani city of Iraqi Kurdistan. The fruit samples were dried for moisture by oven and ash by Muffle Furnace. Samples were also analyzed for protein by Kjeldahl, fat by Soxhlet, total carbohydrate and energy by calculation （Atwater system）. This study revealed significant and high significant differences （P _〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.01） by using Duncan＇ s multiple range as a test of comparisons between means of studied species for various parts of oak fruits in content of energy and food compounds for each part of oak fruit. The energy content for cotyledon was 404.826-410.558 kcal/100g DM; pericarp, 397.618-406.850 kcal/100g DM and cupules, 387.100-391.109 kcal/100g DM; the maximum value for energy content was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Protein content in cotyledon was 3.406-5.426% DM; pericarp, 2.542-2.609% DM and cupules, 1.272-2.066% DM, that cotyledon ofQ. aegilops Subsp. brantii contain highest amount of protein. Fat content in cotyledon was 3.375-3.942% DM; pericarp, 1.754-2.766% DM and cupules, 1.464-2.165% DM, maximum content of fat was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Total Carbohydrate content in cotyledon was 88.491-90.364% DM; pericarp, 92.486-92.947% DM and cupules, 90.594-92.977% DM, the cupules of Q. infectoria contained highest content of total Carbohydrate.

Study on Effect of Age of Seedlings Transplant on the Performance of Tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） in a Southwestern Nigeria Location

Field trials were conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Plant Science of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria during the 2005 and 2006 cropping season to examine the effects of age of transplanting on the performance of tomato Lycopersieon esculentum L. Establishment count %, plant height stem girth, earliness to flower, and fruit yield were significantly affected by the ages at which the seedlings were transplanted. The 2 and 3 weeks after sowing transplants were identical in performance and gave the highest number of field establishment count, growth increase, and yield. The 4WAS transplants performed better than the 5WAS transplants. It is concluded that a delay in early transplanting of tomato seedlings after 4WAS could lead to a very high reduction in tomato yield in the study area.

Response of Peach （Prunus persica） cv. to Foliar Application of Potassium and Copper

The experiment was carried out in a private orchard situated at Atrush town, Duhok Govemorate Kurdistan Region-Iraq during 2011 season to study the effect of foliar application of three concentrations of potassium （0.0%, 0.5% and 1%） and three concentrations of copper （0.0%, 0.02% and 0.04%） on an eight years old peach cultivar, planted in clay soil, spaced at 4.0 m x 4.0 m. The foliar application was done twice, on April 24, 2011 and May 25, 2011. The results showed that spraying of potassium at both concentration （0.5% and 1%） or copper at high concentration （0.04%） had a positive effect on leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, total chlorophyll, fruit weight, fruit number and yield per tree as well as fruit diameter, pith thick, pulp weight, seed weight and total soluble solid. The interaction between potassium and copper significantly enhanced all detected traits, since trees receiving 1% and sprayed with 0.04% of copper was characterized by the highest values of all growth and yield characteristics compared to the lowest values at untreated trees （control）.

Effect of Different Calcium Levels on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes in Substrate Culture

Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growth, yield, and fruit quality(protein, Vitamin C, nitrates, organic acid and soluble sugar) of tomato were studied keeping concentrations of other nutrients unchanged in the nutrient solution. The results showed that parameters related to the growth of tomato(plant height and Stem diameter), changes of tomato yield per plant and quality of tomato fruits were the highest when the plants were grown at 20% Ca treatments. In the second study, increased EC concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in stronger plants with improved yields and quality. Four different concentration gradients of nutrient solution treatment were designed based on the results of the first research stage(EC=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 m S/cm, respectively). The single tomato plant had the highest production which is 2 268.994 g/plant, when the nutrient solution strength was at EC=1.5 m S cm, whereas they have the best fruit quality when the solution strength at EC 4.5 m S/cm. This suggests the need for wide popularization of the nutrient solution formula in large areas to improve the tomato production.

Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Tahiti Lime on Eight Standard Rootstocks Affected by Soil Depth

Two Tahiti lime （Citrus latifolia Tan.） experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of eight standard rootstocks on two different soil locations at Tecoman Colima, Mexico. Rootstocks were selected by their tolerance to Citrus tristeza virus （CTV） and acceptable adaptation to semi-add hot tropics environment. The first trial was planted in ＂Cerrito de Aguilar＂ （CA） location which had sandy-loam soil with a fluctuant water table at 100 cm depth. The second experiment was planted in ＂Crucero Tecoman＂ （CT） on a sandy deep soil with no water table restriction. At CT location the best Tahiti lime growth, yield and fruit quality were observed on Alemow rootstock. The same combination at CA showed a poor performance and was affected by diseases due to high moisture conditions by the superficial water table. Taiwanica, Swingle citrumelo and Rangpur lime rootstocks were less productive than Alemow, but showed a good adaptation and acceptable yield on both soil conditions. Among them, Swingle citrumelo was a promising rootstock because it showed standard tree growth, good yield and excellent fruit quality. Swingle citrumelo also showed an acceptable performance on soil with high presence ofPhytophthora sp. and moderate levels of calcium carbonate （near to 3,500 ppm）. Taiwanica and Rangpur lime performed well during the six years of the experiment, but trees began to be affected by root diseases. Better performance of most Tahiti lime/rootstocks were found on sandy depth soil than on superficial wet soils.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation Enhances Suppression of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt in Greenhouse Soils

A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and fruit yields of cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） on a greenhouse soil with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMFs） and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp, cucumerinum under unsterilized conditions. Two AMF inocula were tested： only one AMF strain Glomus caledonium 90036 and an AMF consortium mainly consisting of Glornus spp. and Acaulospora spp. There were four treatments including no inoculation （control）, inoculation with F. oxysporum but without mycorrhizae （FO）, inoculation with F. oxysporum and G. caledonium （FO＋M1）, and inoculation with F. oxysporum and the AMF consortium （FO＋M2）. Cucumber plants were harvested at weeks 3 and 9 after transplanting. Compared with the control, the FO treatment without AMF inoculation had less biomass both at weeks 3 and 9 （P 〈 0.05） and had higher incidence of Fusarium wilt and produced no cucumber fruit at week 9. Both FO＋M1 and FO＋M2 treatments had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the treatments which received no AMF inoculation at week 3 （P 〈 0.05）, but only the FO＋M2 treatment elevated plant biomass, decreased the incidence of Fusarium wilt, and improved cucumber yields to the same level as the control at week 9. The results indicated that the AMF consortium could suppress Fusarium wilt of cucumber and, therefore, showed potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse agroecosystems.

Fertilization and Catch Crop Strategies for Improving Tomato Production in North China

Overuse of fertilizers and the resultant pollution and eutrophication of surface and groundwater is a growing issue in China. Consequently, improved management strategies are needed to optimize crop production with reduced nutrient inputs. Conventional fertilization （CF）, reduced fertilization （RF）, and reduced fertilization with maize （Zea mays L.） as a summer catch crop （RF＋C） treatments were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 by quantifying tomato （Lycopersieon esculentum） fruit yield and soil nutrient balance in a greenhouse tomato double-cropping system. Fertilizer nitrogen （N） application was reduced by 37% in the RF and RF＋C treatments compared to the CF treatment with no significant reduction in fruit yield. Mean soil mineral N （Nmin） content to a depth of 180 cm following tomato and maize harvest was lower in the RF and RF＋C treatments than in the CF treatment. Residual soil Nmin content was reduced by 21% and 55% in the RF and RF＋C treatments, respectively, compared to the CF treatment. Surplus phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） contents in the RFWC treatment were significantly lower than those in the RF treatment, mainly due to additional P and K uptake by the catch crop. We concluded that for intensive greenhouse production systems, the RF and RF＋C treatments could maintain tomato fruit yield, reduce the potential for nitrate （NO3^--N） leaching, and with a catch crop, provide additional benefits through increased biomass production.