巴西蕉果指主要形态参数定量模型研究

巴西蕉果指形态结构模型是功能—结构香蕉模型的重要研究内容。以巴西蕉为材料,基于2019—2020年大田14个施肥处理的试验数据,采用编号2、4、6、8、10、12、14处理的香蕉果指数据分析了香蕉果指主要形态参数与器官生物量的相关关系及定量关系,利用一次Linear、二次Quadratic、三次Cubic、生长Growth及指数Exponential等5种回归模型构建了巴西蕉果指主要形态结构模型,筛选出的最佳模型为Y=a+bX。经编号1、3、5、7、9、11、13处理的香蕉果指数据检验所建模型可较好地模拟不同施肥水平下果指形态与果指干质量关系,具有一定解释性和普适性。

香蕉果指喷施叶面肥对其外观品质和产量的影响

【目的】探讨不同种类叶面肥对香蕉品质和产量的影响,为香蕉优质高产栽培提供参考依据。【方法】于香蕉果指反梳期对其果指喷施氨基酸、海藻酸和微量元素类叶面肥,跟踪分析各处理香蕉果皮色差、果实特征、果实养分含量和产量等指标。【结果】香蕉果指喷施氨基酸和海藻酸类叶面肥后果皮亮度显著提高(P<0.05,下同),果指长度分别为22.03和21.01 cm,显著高于对照(喷施清水,CK)13.50%和8.24%;喷施微量元素和氨基酸类叶面肥香蕉果实的氮、钾养分含量分别为4.04和2.87 g/株及4.51和2.78 g/株,显著高于CK,产量分别为19.39和21.74 kg/株,显著高于CK。【结论】在香蕉反梳期对其果指喷施氨基酸和海藻酸类叶面肥可显著提高香蕉果皮的亮度,喷施氨基酸和微量元素类叶面肥可显著提高香蕉果实氮钾含量和产量。因此,香蕉生产中可有目的地选择使用不同类型的叶面肥。

早熟短果指型香蕉新品种桂蕉早1号的选育及其高产栽培技术

【目的】选育出早熟香蕉新品种,为优化广西及其他香蕉栽培区的品种结构提供候选品种。【方法】对桂蕉6号组培苗的田间芽变单株进行繁殖与品系比较试验、优株选择和多点种植试验等,并观察其特征特性、抗性及产量表现。【结果】桂蕉早1号属中干香蕉的中矮把品种,生育期340~385 d,采收期比桂蕉6号缩短15~30 d;果指粗短,比桂蕉6号短2.7~3.1 cm;假茎高220.0~250.0 cm,比桂蕉6号矮8.3%~16.7%。桂蕉早1号在广西的栽培密度1800~1950株/ha;2011~2014年在广西南宁市武鸣县种植试验中,新植组培苗及宿根第一、二造的平均株产量分别为20.1、25.2和24.3kg,折合平均产量为36180.0、45360.0和43740.0 kg/ha;商品率96.8%~99.1%。桂蕉早1号果实充分后熟后,皮色金黄,香味浓郁,口感丝滑香甜,综合品质优于桂蕉6号和广西矮蕉。桂蕉早1号不抗香蕉枯萎病,不耐霜冻,广西各蕉区宜在12月中旬前收获完毕。该品种于2016年8月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定。【结论】桂蕉早1号属中干香蕉的中矮把品种,生育期较目前广西香蕉主栽品种短,能有效错开产出高峰期,有利于调节香蕉产期布局,综合品质优于桂蕉6号和广西矮蕉,可在桂南、桂东南及右江河谷等蕉区推广种植。

香蕉长果指优质新品种大丰1号的选育

大丰1号是从广东香蕉2号优系18—20组织培养后代中选出的香蕉新品种。平均每个果穗有7．6梳，每个果穗有香蕉130～136根；单果重157．0g，平均果指长20．9cm，果指粗11．0—11．2cm，风味香甜，品质优；可溶性固形物含量20．80％，可溶性糖含量18．03％，蔗糖含量9．87％，还原糖含量8．16％，可滴定酸含量0．28％；株产22．2kg，在珠江三角洲蕉区，3月种植的6～8片叶龄假植苗，12月底至翌年1月下旬可收获，宿根蕉收获周期间隔为8～9个月；耐寒性稍差，感4号香蕉枯萎病及叶斑病、黑星病等。2007年3月通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。

巴西蕉果指干重与果指形态的相关性及其定量模型研究

[目的]探究巴西香蕉果指干重与果指形态的相关性。[方法]2019-2020年采用“3414”施肥试验设计方案,对巴西香蕉(Musa AAA Cavendish cv.‘Baxi’)采收期果指干重与主要农艺性状之间的关系进行相关和通径分析。[结果]巴西蕉果指干重与果指内弧长、果指外弧长、果指直径、果柄长、果柄直径5个农艺性状呈正相关,与果指外弧长、内弧长呈显著正相关,香蕉果指直径对香蕉果指干重的直接作用最大,果指内弧长通过外弧长、果指直径对果指干重的间接作用最大。对果指干重与主要农艺性状之间的相关性进行回归分析,得预测回归模型FDW=0.326FIA+0.366LFOA+2.399FSL+2.384FD-8.581。[结论]巴西香蕉果指干重与果指形态具有相关性,通径分析表明,果指内弧长对果指干重的增加具有重要作用,因此,在强调巴西香蕉高产育种的性状选择上,可减少果指弯曲度、适当增加果指直径,既可提高产量,又可提高果指的商品率,增加经济效益。

广西冬蕉留把数对产量和果实性状的影响

针对广西地区冬蕉‘威廉斯B6’的留把数开展研究,结果发现,留有8把和留有9把香蕉植株产量分别为30.77和27.29 kg。两处理总果指分别为155.53和168.67只,留有8把的处理每把把重范围为2.40~6.80 kg,比留有9把的处理每把高出0.50~2.00 kg,且留有8把的香蕉果指长和果指粗高于留有9把处理,商品果率高12.2%。综合比较,在广西地区冬蕉建议留有8把,可以提高香蕉产量和商品率。

香蕉果实生长发育动态规律的研究

为探索香蕉果实整个生长发育过程的动态规律,以广西香蕉主栽品种"威廉斯B6"为研究对象,在香蕉现蕾后分别在第5 d、10 d、15 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d、70 d对香蕉果实进行了一系列形状指标的测定,包括不同着生位置(上排和下排,左、中、右),香蕉果实的果指长度,果指腹面长度,果指弯曲面高度,围径,果皮厚度,单果鲜重,果皮鲜重,果肉鲜重和鲜果肉皮比。研究结果表明,上排果指因优越的光热资源和充足的生长空间,单果鲜重高于下排果指;处于中间位置的果指因着生位置优于两边果指,养分运输距离较短,果皮厚度低于两边位置的果指。香蕉果实在整个生长发育过程中单果鲜重呈现"双S"曲线:现蕾后5 d到15 d,香蕉果实处于快速生长时期;现蕾后15 d到50 d,香蕉果实处于缓慢生长期;现蕾后50 d到70 d,香蕉果实处于快速生长期。香蕉果皮和果肉在生长发育过程中稳步增长,果肉在现蕾后60 d其鲜重超过果皮鲜重,鲜果肉皮比在现蕾后40 d呈现急剧增长的趋势。这些研究结果为香蕉果实在生长发育过程中进行科学的施肥管理提供了依据。

留果梳数对香蕉果实性状影响初探

对8818香蕉进行留果梳数处理,并对其果穗形状、果穗重量和果梳重量等11个果指性状进行调查,结果表明:生产上香蕉每穗留8-9梳果时,香蕉果指各个性状符合行业标准,且能提高香蕉产量。

香蕉新品系“93-1”选育初报

从香蕉（Musa AAA）组织培养繁殖后代中，选育出特长果指香蕉新品系“93-1”，主要特点为植株表现中矮秆（216cm），茎粗中等（67.1cm），苗期叶色浓绿，叶形椭圆形，叶形比（长／宽）1.91，叶尖急尖，叶基凹陷呈耳垂状；果穗7-12梳，平均8．07梳／穗，穗长81.6cm，单穗重22．8kg，单果重213．5g，果指数123．4条／穗，果指特长（25＋8cm）；可溶性固形物含量21．8％；全生育期321d（春植）至368d（夏植），约44片叶。“93—1”适宜在广东雷州半岛及海南岛栽培种植。

基于摆动冲击试验的青香蕉碰撞损伤敏感性评估

【目的】评估一束适收期青香蕉果穗内梳层节点、节点嵌套的内外排层、果指表面区域和冲击水平对果实碰撞损伤敏感性的影响,为后续生产处理环节中确保果指质量的针对性防护提供参考。【方法】嵌套、单因素和正交试验设计结合单因素及多因素方差分析,确定显著影响果实碰撞损伤敏感性的因素及主次关系。设计和搭建摆动冲击试验台,开展果实的碰撞损伤试验。通过测量碰撞部位的损伤体积和吸收能量,计算果实的碰撞损伤敏感性(单位吸收能量下的损伤体积)。【结果】嵌套试验结果表明:梳层节点对损伤敏感性无显著影响;节点嵌套的排层对其影响极显著;根据多重比较分析结果节点嵌套排层的14个水平可分为4组。单因素试验结果表明:果指表面区域对损伤敏感性的影响极显著,近果顶端>果指中部>近果柄端;损伤敏感性随冲击水平的提高而显著增加。正交试验结果表明:影响果实碰撞损伤敏感性各因素的主次顺序为冲击水平>生长位置>果指表面区域。【结论】一束香蕉梳层节点嵌套的内外排层及果指表面不同区域的碰撞损伤敏感性具有统计意义上的差异。

Structure Parameters and Physiological Indices Research of High-quality and High-yield Apple Orchards

In order to research environment parameters and physiological indices of high-quality and high-yield apple trees, two orchards with young and mature apples trees were investigated to explore structural parameter of apple tree and community, and some physiological indices in fields and by room measurements. The results showed that tree height of high-quality orchard was in the range of 260 to 290 cm, branch angle in 70°-75°, and orchard coverage rate in 75%-94%, and the connec-tion rates between rows and trees were lower. Furthermore, the total branches of mature orchard reached 1.04 ×106 per hm2, while the young orchard was 8.79 ×105 per hm2; the leaves were thick and chlorophyl content was high, with SPAD value at 58.22. Additional y, the photosynthesis of the orchard was strong, and net photo-synthetic rate was 17.48-21.8 μmolCO2/（m2·s）. The proportions of lateral shoot of bearing part were 81% and 75% respectively.

Wheel slip-sinkage and its prediction model of lunar rover

In order to investigate wheel slip-sinkage problem, which is important for the design, control and simulation of lunar rovers, experiments were carried out with a wheel-soil interaction test system to measure the sinkage of three types of wheels in dimension with wheel lugs of different heights and numbers under a series of slip ratios (0-0.6). The curves of wheel sinkage versus slip ratio were obtained and it was found that the sinkage with slip ratio of 0.6 is 3-7 times of the static sinkage. Based on the experimental results, the slip-sinkage principle of lunar's rover lugged wheels (including the sinkage caused by longitudinal flow and side flow of soil, and soil digging of wheel lugs) was analyzed, and corresponding calculation equations were derived. All the factors that can cause slip sinkage were considered to improve the conventional wheel-soil interaction model, and a formula of changing the sinkage exponent with the slip ratio was established. Mathematical model for calculating the sinkage of wheel according to vertical load and slip ratio was developed. Calculation results show that this model can predict the slip-sinkage of wheel with high precision, making up the deficiency of Wong-Reece model that mainly reflects longitudinal slip-sinkage.

香橼与佛手F_(1)杂种鉴定及果形差异分析

以香橼(Citrus medica L.)为母本,佛手(C.medica var.L.sarcodactylis Swingle)为父本进行授粉杂交,将得到的种子进行培育获得19份材料。从佛手和香橼转录组数据筛选出SSR位点设计TP-M13-SSR分子标记引物,对19份材料进行基因分型。每对核心引物获得17~32个等位基因,平均等位基因数为24.188个。观测杂合度变化为0.188~1.000,多态性指数为0.944。19个F_(1)代株系中17个确定为真杂种,杂交率为89.47%。通过影像分析F_(1)代果形,指状果与柑果果形分离比为2︰3。佛手和香橼花芽石蜡切片观察发现,形成指状或柑果果形差异起始于现蕾期至现瓣期的心皮隆起。对现蕾期至花后3d的佛手、香橼花芽转录组信息与心皮特征进行相关性分析,分离得到一批雌蕊形成相关基因;在即将开花的佛手、香橼及F_(1)代雌蕊中进行qRT-PCR验证,分析这些基因与果形差异的关联性,WOX1基因在现蕾期和现瓣期的表达与指状特征相关。YABBY家族基因可与花发育C类和E类基因及WOX家族协同作用调控佛手指状果形建成。

Outcome measures in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine for stable angina pectoris

Objective:This work aimed to present a descriptive analysis of the outcome measures used in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for patients with stable angina pectoris,and to provide baseline data for the development of core outcome sets(COSs)for relevant clinical trials.Methods:Medical databases were searched to identify randomized trials of the effects of TCM for the treatment of stable angina pectoris.Outcome measures of each trial were extracted.Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the baseline characteristics of outcomes in clinical trials of TCM.Results:94 randomized trials(with 9,111 participants)involving 79 different outcomes were identified.The mean number of outcomes was 5(1-21 per trial).The 5 most commonly reported outcomes were efficacy rate of electrocardiogram,efficacy rate of angina pectoris,efficacy rate of TCM syndrome,fasting lipid indices,and withdrawal rate of nitroglycerin.Several challenges were identified:(1)significant heterogeneity of outcomes and differences in the technique and timing of the measurement of the same outcome;(2)transformation of continuous data into categorical data and presented as such in>90% of trials;(3)few trials on the outcomes associated with the advantages and characteristics of TCM;and(4)selective reporting of outcomes.Conclusions:The outcomes used are excessively heterogenous,and the choice of some outcomes(timing and techniques)for measurement is confusing or inappropriate.Hence,developing and implementing a COS is necessary for greater consistency.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy: Diagnostic yield and safety in guidelines

AIM: To evaluate if the guidelines for the appro-priateness of performing colonoscopy by American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (AGSE) and Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED) yield a good diagnostic efficacy and do not present risks of missing important colonic pathologies in an Italian population sample.METHODS: A total of 1017 consecutive patients (560 men and 457 women; mean age 64.4 ± 16 years) referred to an open-access endoscopy unit for colonoscopy from July 2004 to May 2006 were evaluated according to ASGE and SIED guidelines for appropriateness of performing the procedure. Diagnostic yield was defined as the percentage of relevant colonic pathologies of the total number of colonoscopies performed.RESULTS: About 85.2% patients underwent colono-scopy that was considered appropriate based on at least one ASGE or SIED criterion, while it was considered inappropriate for 14.8% of patients. The diagnostic yield of colonoscopy was significantly higher for appropriate colonoscopies (26.94% vs 10.6%, P < 0.001) than for inappropriate colonoscopies (5.3%). There was no missed colorectal cancer following the ASGE/SIED criteria.CONCLUSION: ASGE/SIED guidelines have shown a good diagnostic yield and the rate of missing relevant colonic pathologies seems very low. Unfortunately, the percentage of inappropriate referrals for colonoscopy in an open-access endoscopy system is still high, despite the number of papers published on the issue and the definition of international guidelines. Further steps are required to update and standardize the guidelines to increase their diffusion and to promote educational programs for general practitioners.

Ectopic pancreaticobiliary drainage accompanied by proximal jejunal adenoma:A case report

A patient with obstructive jaundice was examined by multidetector row helical computed tomography (MDCT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and his common bile duct was observed to be leading into the distal portion of the horizontal duodenum with a pancreaticobiliary union outside the duodenal wall. A mass was also found in the proximal jejunum.All the above findings were confirmed by subsequent surgery,thus contrast-enhanced MDCT and MRI with appropriate image post-processing could provide non- invasive and accurate information regarding anatomy and lesions of the pancreaticobiliary duct and duodenal union,which may improve the feasibility of surgery and reduce postoperative complications.

Epidemiology and Mutational Analysis of Global Strains of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe illness with high fatality.Cases are reported in several countries in Africa,Europe,the Middle East,and Asia.Phylogenetic analyses based on the virus S (nucleocapsid),M (glycoprotein),and L (polymerase) genome segments sequences indicate distinct geographic lineages exist but their specific genetic characteristics require elucidation.In this work we collected all full length S segment sequences and generated a phylogenetic tree based on the alignment of these 62 samples.We then analyzed the alignment using entries from AAIndex,the Amino Acid Index database,to identify amino acid mutations that performed significant changes in charge,pka,hydropathy and side chain volume.Finally,we mapped these changes back to the tree and alignment to identify correlated mutations or sites that characterized a specific lineage.Based on this analysis we are able to propose a number of sites that appear to be important for virus function and which would be good candidates for experimental mutational analysis studies.

Effects of Fermentation and Drying on the Fermentation Index and Cut Test of Pulp Pre-conditioned Ghanaian Cocoa （Theobroma cacao） Beans

Investigations were conducted to establish effects of fermentation and drying on the fermentation index （FI） and cut test of pulp pre-conditioned Ghanaian cocoa beans using a 4 x 3 full factorial experimental design with the principal factors being pod storage （0, 3, 7 and 10 d） and fermentation time （0, 3 and 6 d） to study the changes occurring during the fermentation process. The study also used a 4 x 3 full factorial design with pod storage （0, 3, 7 and 10 d） and drying time （0, 3 and 7 d） being the principal factors investigated to study the changes occurring during the drying process. FI and cut test of the beans were studied during fermentation as well as the drying process. FI of the beans increased significantly with pod storage and fermentation but decreased slightly during drying. FI of the unfermented beans increased slightly from 0.674 for the unstored pods to 0.763 after 10 days of pod storage. The FI of the fermented beans （six days fermentation） also increased from 1.390 for the unstored pods to 1.424 for pods stored for 10 days. It decreased from 1.389 at the start of drying for the unstored pods to 1.105 for pods stored for 10 days at the end of drying （seven days）. FI of all the beans were however, above 1.0 at the end of fermentation and drying for all pod storage treatments. Cut test revealed that storage of pods for 3, 7 and 10 days increased the percentage of brown beans by 66%, 94% and 72%, respectively, by the sixth day of fermentation. Percentage of brown beans decreased to 61%, 76% and 63%, respectively, for pods stored for 3, 7 and 10 d at the end of drying （seven days）. Cocoa pods can be stored for up to 10 days, fermented for six days and dried for seven days with the necessary formation of brown pigments characteristics of well fermented and dried cocoa beans.

Pancreas preserving distal duodenectomy: A versatile operation for a range of infra-papillary pathologies

To investigate the range of pathologies treated by pancreas preserving distal duodenectomy (PPDD) and present the outcome of follow-up.METHODSNeoplastic lesions of the duodenum are treated conventionally by pancreaticoduodenectomy. Lesions distal to the major papilla may be suitable for a pancreas-preserving distal duodenectomy, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality. We present our experience with this procedure. Selective intraoperative duodenoscopy assessed the relationship of the papilla to the lesion. After duodenal mobilisation and confirmation of the site of the lesion, the duodenum was transected distal to the papilla and beyond the duodenojejunal flexure and a side-to-side duodeno-jejunal anastomosis was formed. Patients were identified from a prospectively maintained database and outcomes determined from digital health records with a dataset including demographics, co-morbidities, mode of presentation, preoperative imaging and assessment, nutritional support needs, technical operative details, blood transfusion requirements, length of stay, pathology including lymph node yield and lymph node involvement, length of follow-up, complications and outcomes. Related published literature was also reviewed.RESULTSTwenty-four patients had surgery with the intent of performing PPDD from 2003 to 2016. Nineteen underwent PPDD successfully. Two patients planned for PPDD proceeded to formal pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) while three had unresectable disease. Median post-operative follow-up was 32 mo. Pathologies resected included duodenal adenocarcinoma (n = 6), adenomas (n = 5), gastrointestinal stromal tumours (n = 4) and lipoma, bleeding duodenal diverticulum, locally advanced colonic adenocarcinoma and extrinsic compression (n = 1 each). Median postoperative length of stay (LOS) was 8 d and morbidity was low [pain and nausea/vomiting (n = 2), anastomotic stricture (n = 1), pneumonia (n = 1), and overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis (n = 1, asplenic patient)]. PPDD was associated with a significantly shorter LOS than a contemporaneous PD series [PPDD 8 (6-14) d vs PD 11 (10-16) d, median (IQR), P = 0.026]. The 30-d mortality was zero and 16 of 19 patients are alive to date. One patient died of recurrent duodenal adenocarcinoma 18 mo postoperatively and two died of unrelated disease (at 2 mo and at 8 years respectively).CONCLUSIONPPDD is a versatile operation that can provide definitive treatment for a range of duodenal pathologies including adenocarcinoma.

Topographic Correction-Based Retrieval of Leaf Area Index in Mountain Areas

Leaf Area Index(LAI)is a key parameter in vegetation analysis and management,especially for mountain areas.The accurate retrieval of LAI based on remote sensing data is very necessary.In a study at the Dayekou forest center in Heihe watershed of Gansu Province,we determined the LAI based on topographic corrections of a SPOT-5.The large variation in the mountain terrain required preprocessing of the SPOT-5 image,except when orthorectification, radiation calibration and atmospheric correction were used.These required acquisition of surface reflectance and several vegetation indexes and linkage to field measured LAI values.Statistical regression models were used to link LAI and vegetation indexes.The quadratic polynomial model between LAI and SAVI (L=0.35)was determined as the optimal model considering the R and R2 value.A second group of LAI data were reserved to validate the retrieval result.The model was applied to create a distribution map of LAI in the area.Comparison with an uncorrected SPOT-5 image showed that topographic correction is necessary for determination of LAI in mountain areas.