不可忽视高考试卷的“枝枝叶叶”——谈“提示语与附加语”的利用

如果把高考语文试卷比作一棵大树,试题的结构与组成是其躯干,而题目中的提示语和附加语则是这躯干上面的“枝枝叶叶”,诸如题目中的注释、出处、提示说明的语言,作文中的写作要求等。笔者对这一问题的思考,实际上是当考生经过三年高中的勤学苦练,走进考场。

Outcomes of right-lobe and left-lobe living-donor liver transplantations using small-for-size grafts

AIM To analyze the outcomes of living-donor liver transplantation(LDLT) using left-lobe(LL) or right-lobe(RL) small-for-size(SFS) grafts.METHODS Prospectively collected data of adult patients who underwent LDLT at our hospital in the period from January 2003 to December 2013 were reviewed. The patients were divided into the RL-LDLT group and the LL-LDLT group. The two groups were compared in terms of short-and long-term outcomes, including incidence of postoperative complication, graft function, graft survival, and patient survival. A SFS graft was defined as a graft with a ratio of graft weight(GW) to recipient standard liver volume(RSLV)(GW/RSLV) of < 50%. The Urata formula was used to estimate RSLV.RESULTS Totally 218 patients were included for analysis, with 199 patients in the RL-LDLT group and 19 patients in the LL-LDLT group. The two groups were similar in terms of age(median, 53 years in the RL-LDLT group and 52 years in the LL-LDLT group, P = 0.997) but had significantly different ratios of men to women(165:34 in the RL-LDLT group and 8:11 in the LL-LDLT group, P < 0.0001). The two groups were also significantly different in GW(P < 0.0001), GW/RSLV(P < 0.0001), and graft cold ischemic time(P = 0.007). When it comes to postoperative complication, the groups were comparable(P = 0.105). Five patients died in hospital,4(2%) in the RL-LDLT group and 1(5.3%) in the LLLDLT group(P = 0.918). There were 38 graft losses, 33(16.6%) in the RL-LDLT group and 5(26.3%) in the LL-LDLT group(P = 0.452). The 5-year graft survival rate was significantly better in the RL-LDLT group(95.2% vs 89.5%, P = 0.049). The two groups had similar 5-year patient survival rates(RL-LDLT: 86.8%, LL-LDLT: 89.5%, P = 0.476).CONCLUSION The use of SFS graft in LDLT requires careful tailormade surgical planning and meticulous operation. LLLDLT can be a good alternative to RL-LDLT with similar recipient outcomes but a lower donor risk. Further research into different patient conditions is needed in order to validate the use of LL graft.

父亲的秋天

将近傍晚的时候,我走进了老家的院落。太阳的余晖静静地跑上了村西的山丘,又悄悄地攀上院外的杨柳,最后穿过枝枝叶叶的罅隙,从不同的各处小心翼翼地跳进了院子。踢踢锃亮的锹头,摸摸光滑的镐把,试试镰刀的锋利,最后才亲亲热热地拥抱着菜园子里翠生生的萝卜和白菜。耄耋之年的父亲弓着身子站在菜园子边,正痴痴地望着菜地。看见我进院时,身体有些吃力地挪动了两步。我看到父亲用颤颤的目光缓缓地从菜园里端起绿生生的喜悦。

新工小袁

小袁名叫袁鹏伟,华东交大毕业,2017年3月分到新乡供电段晋城供电车间。他白净脸,高个子,一副眼镜,文质彬彬,自报家乡是美丽的呼伦贝尔。我们开玩笑说:“不像,缺少蒙古汉子的彪悍。”他腼腆地笑了。小袁刚到车间就主动请缨,承担了西武匠车站62个支柱基坑的施工盯控。接下来几天,他一会儿问技术员,一会儿问安全员,枝枝叶叶没完没了。

太阳升起的地方

太阳爬上东边的山梁,一束光照在果树的枝枝叶叶上。那些果子,有露珠儿反着晶莹的光,像精灵一样在眼前晃动闪烁。刘大才说,是时候了。我和刘大才前一脚后一脚地轻脚细手地猫着腰走到果树下,顺手摘了好几大把装进裤包里,转身就跑。跑到窑洞子里,左一口右一口就往嘴巴里塞。那是多好的果子呀,又甜又脆,吃得我俩肚皮滚圆。刚吃了个高兴,我看了刘大才一眼。

果园上空的星星

他小时候,村上有一座丰茂的果园。每年果子成熟的季节,守护果园的任务就会落到父亲头上。他常缠着父亲带他一起去守园。在他小小的心里,果园的夜晚是那么神秘和美丽.苹果、梨子、大枣静静地散发着果香,秋虫在'叽叽'地叫个不停。墨蓝的夜空,一轮明月高悬,果树的枝枝叶叶像铺了一层明晃晃的水银。满天密集的繁星,一闪一闪地眨巴着眼睛,温柔地俯视着他,仿佛一阵风就会吹下一颗,落到他的掌心。