自 Stevens(1906)首次指出雌雄个体中不同性染色体与性别的关系以来,大量的研究表明,绝大多数动物的正常性别是由一对性染色体决定的。据这一理论,一个个体的性别取决于受精时雌雄配子所携带的性染色体的类型。在家畜所有正常配子均含...自 Stevens(1906)首次指出雌雄个体中不同性染色体与性别的关系以来,大量的研究表明,绝大多数动物的正常性别是由一对性染色体决定的。据这一理论,一个个体的性别取决于受精时雌雄配子所携带的性染色体的类型。在家畜所有正常配子均含有一组常染色体和一个性染色体,即雌性哺乳动物的卵子含有的性染色体为 X染色体,雄性的精子则有两种类型,一种含有一个 Y 染色体,另一种含有一个 X 染色体。展开更多
[ 篇名 ] △-List Vertex Coloring in Linear Time, [ 篇名 ] A Boltzmann machinc for-solving time tabling problcm, [篇名] A consideration of channel assigmment problems on multihop wireless communications, [篇名] A faste...[ 篇名 ] △-List Vertex Coloring in Linear Time, [ 篇名 ] A Boltzmann machinc for-solving time tabling problcm, [篇名] A consideration of channel assigmment problems on multihop wireless communications, [篇名] A faster optimal register allocator, [ 篇名 ] A historical survey of bengala in view of art and science, [ 篇名 ] A New 3-Color Criterion for Planar Graphs.展开更多
Although particular chromosomal syndromes are phenotypicaUy and clinically distinct, the majority of individuals with autosomal imbalance, such as aneuploidy, manifest mental retardation. A common abnormal phenotype o...Although particular chromosomal syndromes are phenotypicaUy and clinically distinct, the majority of individuals with autosomal imbalance, such as aneuploidy, manifest mental retardation. A common abnormal phenotype of Down syndrome （DS）, the most prevalent autosomal aneuploidy, shows a reduction in both the number and the density of neurons in the brain. As a DS model, we have recently created chimeric mice from ES cells containing a single human chromosome 21. The mice mimicked the characteristic phenotypic features of DS, and ES cells showed a higher incidence of apoptosis during early neuronal differentiation in vitro. In this study, we examined the induction of anomalous early neural development by aneuploidy in mouse ES cells by transferring various human chromosomes or additional mouse chromosomes. Results showed an elevated incidence of apoptosis in all autosome-aneuploid clones examined during early neuronal differentiation in vitro. Further, cDNA microarray analysis revealed a common cluster of down-regulated genes, of which eight known genes are related to cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth and differentiation. Importantly, targeting of these genes by siRNA knockdown in normal mouse ES cells led to enhanced apoptosis during early neuronal differentiation. These findings strongly suggest that autosomal imbalance is associated with general neuronal loss through a common molecular mechanism for apoptosis.展开更多
The chromosome theory of inheritance was established during the three first decades of the 20th century. During the early stage of its substantiating, there were lots of puzzles and little evidence that could validate...The chromosome theory of inheritance was established during the three first decades of the 20th century. During the early stage of its substantiating, there were lots of puzzles and little evidence that could validate it. The cytological processes were obscure and several scientists maintained serious doubts concerning the existence of a connection between Mendel＇s principles and the behaviour of chromosomes during cell division. It was vital to associate an external, observable characteristic of the organism to a specific chromosome, and this was achieved when sex was connected to special chromosomes. At that time, however, some important scholars refused to accept or delayed acceptance of the conception that the hereditary factors （later called genes） were physical entities located along the chromosomes. Such was the case of Thomas Morgan （1866-1945） and William Bateson （186 I- 1926）. Their attitudes could be explained by considering the doubtful ground of the hypothesis at that time. It is more difficult, however, to understand the attitude of Edmund Beecher Wilson （1856-1939）. Being an expert in cytology he was acquainted with all the difficulties concerning the chromosome hypothesis. Nonetheless, from 1905 onward, he attributed little weight to the problems and dedicated a notable effort to obtaining evidence that could have grounded it. This paper analyses Wilson＇s attitude focusing on his studies from 1900 to 1915 and the scientific context of this period. This study led to the conclusion that Wilson＇s attitude could be explained in methodological terms by the adoption of an instrumentalist attitude, while Bateson and Morgan adopted a realistic perspective.展开更多
文摘自 Stevens(1906)首次指出雌雄个体中不同性染色体与性别的关系以来,大量的研究表明,绝大多数动物的正常性别是由一对性染色体决定的。据这一理论,一个个体的性别取决于受精时雌雄配子所携带的性染色体的类型。在家畜所有正常配子均含有一组常染色体和一个性染色体,即雌性哺乳动物的卵子含有的性染色体为 X染色体,雄性的精子则有两种类型,一种含有一个 Y 染色体,另一种含有一个 X 染色体。
文摘[ 篇名 ] △-List Vertex Coloring in Linear Time, [ 篇名 ] A Boltzmann machinc for-solving time tabling problcm, [篇名] A consideration of channel assigmment problems on multihop wireless communications, [篇名] A faster optimal register allocator, [ 篇名 ] A historical survey of bengala in view of art and science, [ 篇名 ] A New 3-Color Criterion for Planar Graphs.
文摘Although particular chromosomal syndromes are phenotypicaUy and clinically distinct, the majority of individuals with autosomal imbalance, such as aneuploidy, manifest mental retardation. A common abnormal phenotype of Down syndrome （DS）, the most prevalent autosomal aneuploidy, shows a reduction in both the number and the density of neurons in the brain. As a DS model, we have recently created chimeric mice from ES cells containing a single human chromosome 21. The mice mimicked the characteristic phenotypic features of DS, and ES cells showed a higher incidence of apoptosis during early neuronal differentiation in vitro. In this study, we examined the induction of anomalous early neural development by aneuploidy in mouse ES cells by transferring various human chromosomes or additional mouse chromosomes. Results showed an elevated incidence of apoptosis in all autosome-aneuploid clones examined during early neuronal differentiation in vitro. Further, cDNA microarray analysis revealed a common cluster of down-regulated genes, of which eight known genes are related to cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth and differentiation. Importantly, targeting of these genes by siRNA knockdown in normal mouse ES cells led to enhanced apoptosis during early neuronal differentiation. These findings strongly suggest that autosomal imbalance is associated with general neuronal loss through a common molecular mechanism for apoptosis.
文摘The chromosome theory of inheritance was established during the three first decades of the 20th century. During the early stage of its substantiating, there were lots of puzzles and little evidence that could validate it. The cytological processes were obscure and several scientists maintained serious doubts concerning the existence of a connection between Mendel＇s principles and the behaviour of chromosomes during cell division. It was vital to associate an external, observable characteristic of the organism to a specific chromosome, and this was achieved when sex was connected to special chromosomes. At that time, however, some important scholars refused to accept or delayed acceptance of the conception that the hereditary factors （later called genes） were physical entities located along the chromosomes. Such was the case of Thomas Morgan （1866-1945） and William Bateson （186 I- 1926）. Their attitudes could be explained by considering the doubtful ground of the hypothesis at that time. It is more difficult, however, to understand the attitude of Edmund Beecher Wilson （1856-1939）. Being an expert in cytology he was acquainted with all the difficulties concerning the chromosome hypothesis. Nonetheless, from 1905 onward, he attributed little weight to the problems and dedicated a notable effort to obtaining evidence that could have grounded it. This paper analyses Wilson＇s attitude focusing on his studies from 1900 to 1915 and the scientific context of this period. This study led to the conclusion that Wilson＇s attitude could be explained in methodological terms by the adoption of an instrumentalist attitude, while Bateson and Morgan adopted a realistic perspective.
