AIM： To investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus （HBV） X gene on apoptosis and expressions of apoptosis factors in X gene-transfected HepG2 cells.METHODS： The HBV X gene eukaryon expression vector pcDNA3-X was ...AIM： To investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus （HBV） X gene on apoptosis and expressions of apoptosis factors in X gene-transfected HepG2 cells.METHODS： The HBV X gene eukaryon expression vector pcDNA3-X was transiently transfected into HepG2 cells by lipid-media transfection. Untransfected HepG2 and HepG2 transfected with pcDNA3 were used as controls. Expression of HBx in HepG2 was identified by RT-PCR. MTT and TUNEL were employed to measure proliferation and apoptosis of cells in.three groups. Semi-quantified RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression levels of Fas/FasL, Bax/Bcl-xL, and c-myc in each group.RESULTS： HBV X gene was transfected into HepG2 cells successfully. RT-PCR showed that HBx was only expressed in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells, but not expressed in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells. Analyzed by MTT, cell proliferationcapacity was obviously lower in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （0.08910±0.003164） than in HepG2 （0.14410±0.004927） and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （0.12150±0.007159） （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Analyzed by TUNEL, cell apoptosis was much more in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （980/2 000） than HepG2 （420/2 000）, HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （520/2 000） （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Evaluated by semi-quantified RT-PCR, the expression level of Fas/FasL was significantly higher in HepG2 cells transfected with HBx than in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Bax/Bcl-xL expression level was also elevated in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Expression of c-myc was markedly higher in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells than in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）.CONCLUSION： HBV X gene can impair cell proliferation capacity, improve cell apoptosis, and upregulate expression of apoptosis factors. The intervention of HBV X gene on the expression of apoptosis factors may be a possible mechanism responsible for the change in cell apoptosis and proliferation.展开更多
Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a rare malignancy.It appears to be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions and infections.The clear association seen between Human Papilloma Virus and various squamous ...Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a rare malignancy.It appears to be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions and infections.The clear association seen between Human Papilloma Virus and various squamous cancers has not been firmly established for the squamous cell cancer of the rectum. The presentation is nonspecific and patients tend to present with advanced stage disease.Diagnosis relies on endoscopic examination with biopsy of the lesion.Distinction from squamous cell cancer of the anus can be difficult,but can be facilitated by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins.Staging of the cancer with endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography provides essential information on prognosis and can guide therapy.At present,surgery remains the main therapeutic option;however recent advances have made chemoradiation a valuable therapeutic addition. Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a distinct entity and it is of crucial importance for the practicing Gastroenterologist to be thoroughly familiar with this disease.Compared to adenocarcinoma of the rectum and squamous cell cancer of the anal canal,squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum has different epidemiology, etiology,pathogenesis,and prognosis but,most importantly,requires a different therapeutic approach. This review will examine and summarize the available information regarding this disease from the perspective of the practicing gastroenterologist.展开更多
The treatment of metastic melanoma has rapidly evolved in the last 5 years, giving clinicians and patients the hope for long lasting responses. In the field of modern immunotherapy, we are reaching the point of an exp...The treatment of metastic melanoma has rapidly evolved in the last 5 years, giving clinicians and patients the hope for long lasting responses. In the field of modern immunotherapy, we are reaching the point of an expressive percentage of patients achieving long term survival with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitors. Of note, there is a considerable amount of patients excluded from the checkpoint blockade trials because of comorbidities like chronic viral infections. A precaution to avoid autoimmune induced hepatitis rendered HBV （hepatitis B virus） and HCV （hepatitis C virus） infected patients usually ineligible, but real life data in those patients, who are getting treatment despite of that, is pointing toward the feasibility and safety of immunotherapy in this context. To ilustrate that, we report the case of a metastatic non-BRAF mutated melanoma patient with HCV chronic infection and a surprising benefit derived from ipilimumab and pembrolizumab for his latter condition.展开更多
文摘AIM： To investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus （HBV） X gene on apoptosis and expressions of apoptosis factors in X gene-transfected HepG2 cells.METHODS： The HBV X gene eukaryon expression vector pcDNA3-X was transiently transfected into HepG2 cells by lipid-media transfection. Untransfected HepG2 and HepG2 transfected with pcDNA3 were used as controls. Expression of HBx in HepG2 was identified by RT-PCR. MTT and TUNEL were employed to measure proliferation and apoptosis of cells in.three groups. Semi-quantified RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression levels of Fas/FasL, Bax/Bcl-xL, and c-myc in each group.RESULTS： HBV X gene was transfected into HepG2 cells successfully. RT-PCR showed that HBx was only expressed in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells, but not expressed in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells. Analyzed by MTT, cell proliferationcapacity was obviously lower in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （0.08910±0.003164） than in HepG2 （0.14410±0.004927） and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （0.12150±0.007159） （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Analyzed by TUNEL, cell apoptosis was much more in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （980/2 000） than HepG2 （420/2 000）, HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （520/2 000） （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Evaluated by semi-quantified RT-PCR, the expression level of Fas/FasL was significantly higher in HepG2 cells transfected with HBx than in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Bax/Bcl-xL expression level was also elevated in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Expression of c-myc was markedly higher in HepG2/pcDNA3-X cells than in HepG2 and HepG2/pcDNA3 cells （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）.CONCLUSION： HBV X gene can impair cell proliferation capacity, improve cell apoptosis, and upregulate expression of apoptosis factors. The intervention of HBV X gene on the expression of apoptosis factors may be a possible mechanism responsible for the change in cell apoptosis and proliferation.
文摘Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a rare malignancy.It appears to be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions and infections.The clear association seen between Human Papilloma Virus and various squamous cancers has not been firmly established for the squamous cell cancer of the rectum. The presentation is nonspecific and patients tend to present with advanced stage disease.Diagnosis relies on endoscopic examination with biopsy of the lesion.Distinction from squamous cell cancer of the anus can be difficult,but can be facilitated by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins.Staging of the cancer with endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography provides essential information on prognosis and can guide therapy.At present,surgery remains the main therapeutic option;however recent advances have made chemoradiation a valuable therapeutic addition. Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a distinct entity and it is of crucial importance for the practicing Gastroenterologist to be thoroughly familiar with this disease.Compared to adenocarcinoma of the rectum and squamous cell cancer of the anal canal,squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum has different epidemiology, etiology,pathogenesis,and prognosis but,most importantly,requires a different therapeutic approach. This review will examine and summarize the available information regarding this disease from the perspective of the practicing gastroenterologist.
文摘The treatment of metastic melanoma has rapidly evolved in the last 5 years, giving clinicians and patients the hope for long lasting responses. In the field of modern immunotherapy, we are reaching the point of an expressive percentage of patients achieving long term survival with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitors. Of note, there is a considerable amount of patients excluded from the checkpoint blockade trials because of comorbidities like chronic viral infections. A precaution to avoid autoimmune induced hepatitis rendered HBV （hepatitis B virus） and HCV （hepatitis C virus） infected patients usually ineligible, but real life data in those patients, who are getting treatment despite of that, is pointing toward the feasibility and safety of immunotherapy in this context. To ilustrate that, we report the case of a metastatic non-BRAF mutated melanoma patient with HCV chronic infection and a surprising benefit derived from ipilimumab and pembrolizumab for his latter condition.
