柿(Diospyros kaki L.)果实发育及成熟过程中内源GAs活性和ABA含量的变化

利用生物学方法和气相色谱法分别对柿有代表性的早、中、晚熟品种果实中内源赤霉素类物质(GAs)活性及脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化进行了测定。GAs 活性和 ABA 含量在幼果初期都很高,以后随果实的发育而迅速降低,在果实生长速度缓慢的第二期变化不大。但自果实进入成熟期开始,GAs 活性再次迅速降低,而 ABA 含量却呈增加趋势。发生这种变化的时期,与果实的成熟期一致。讨论了内源值物生长调节物质的平衡与果实成熟的关系。

国产柿属(Diospyros)的叶表皮形态研究及其分类学意义

为了解柿属(Diospyros)植物的叶表皮特征,在光学显微镜下观察了46种2变种植物的叶表皮微形态特征,并进行了主成分分析。结果表明,柿属植物的叶表皮微形态可分为2组:A组的表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁浅波状或深波状;B组的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。气孔全部位于下表皮,以无规则型为主,但同时有辐射型、环列型和十字型气孔存在。大多数种具有表皮毛,表皮毛有非腺毛和头状腺毛的区别。柿属植物的叶表皮微形态特征类型多样,能够为部分类群的分类提供较好的形态学证据。

基于荧光光谱法探究柿原花青素与黏蛋白的相互作用机制

为了解黏蛋白(Mucin)对柿原花青素肠道消化释放的影响,借助激光粒度仪、差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶红外光谱、荧光光谱等技术对柿原花青素-黏蛋白复合物的理化特征及两者相互作用机制进行分析。结果表明:复合物的粒径、电位绝对值与柿原花青素及其结构单元(ECG、EGCG)的浓度呈正相关关系;柿原花青素酚羟基的引入使得黏蛋白的热稳定性、表面疏水性随其浓度的增加而减少;红外光谱显示,氢键及游离的氨基参与两者反应;柿原花青素及其结构单元可以有效猝灭黏蛋白的内源荧光,以静态猝灭为主;根据Van’t Hoff方程获得的热力学参数∆G<0,∆H<0,∆S<0,表明柿原花青素及其结构单元与黏蛋白的结合是吉布斯自由能减少的自发反应,主要由氢键及范德华力驱动。综上所述,柿原花青素及其结构单元的添加诱导黏蛋白结构发生变化,其与黏蛋白主要通过氢键和范德华力发生强烈的相互作用,该研究为设计提高柿原花青素在肠道中生物利用率的智能递送系统提供参考依据。

浙江柿Diospyros glaucifolia Metc.

落叶大乔木,无枝刺;冬芽长4-5 mm,除两片最外面的鳞片外其余均密被黄褐色绢毛。叶厚纸质,卵形或卵状披针形,长7.5-18 cm,宽3.5-7.5 cm,先端急尖,基部圆形、截形、浅心形,上面无毛,下面粉绿色无毛;侧脉每边7-9条;叶柄长1.5-2.5 cm,无毛。雌雄异株。

延平柿DiospyrostsangiiMerr．

落叶灌木，高1-7m；嫩枝、叶、叶柄均被锈色柔毛；小枝无毛或有短毛；冬芽有柔毛。叶纸质，叶基部狭楔形并下延，叶倒卵状椭圆形，长4-9cm，宽1．5-3cm，先端短渐尖，基部楔形，下面淡绿色有伏柔毛，老叶下面中脉上疏生长伏毛外，余处无毛；侧脉每边3-4条；叶柄幼时带红色，长0．3-0．6cm。

野柿Diospyros kaki Thunb.var.sylvestris Makino

柿树科柿树属落叶乔木。枝、嫩枝密被柔毛。叶纸质,卵状椭圆形至倒卵形,长5~18 cm,宽2.8~9 cm,先端渐尖,基部楔形、圆形或微心形;老叶叶背被柔毛或被稀疏短毛;侧脉5~7;叶柄长0.8~2 cm,后变无毛。雌雄异株,但间或雄株中有少数雌花,

基于层次分析灰色定权聚类的煤层气开发甜点预测方法——以柿庄北区块为例

随着煤层气产业的发展以及非常规油气勘探开发一体化的要求,当前煤层气的勘查评价工作逐渐由勘探选区向开发甜点选区推进。然而,受限于勘探开发阶段或资料占有程度,当前多数的选区评价体系对煤储层的可改性和煤层气的可采性考虑不足,在指导开发区井位优选或加密井方面效果不佳。基于沁水盆地柿庄北区块100余口煤层气参数井和开发井资料,分析区内3号煤层煤层气开发的资源条件、储层可改造性和煤层气可采性,采用层次分析和灰色定权聚类方法构建评价模型,评价了煤层气开发甜点区,为区内新井和加密井的部署提供依据。评价模型以煤层含气量、煤厚反映煤层气资源条件;综合考虑地应力环境和岩石力学性质,构建储层综合可改造性参数,评价储层可改造性;使用原始结构煤和碎裂煤占比、临储比和储层原始渗透率反映煤层气的可采性。每个参数采用word聚类方法分级,每个点位(每口井)计算出综合优度并排序,最终划分出煤层气开发甜点区。评价结果表明,研究区中部综合优度大于65的地区为进一步开展开发工作的甜点区。

极小种群植物川柿叶绿体基因组特征与系统发育分析

川柿(Diospyros sutchuensis)为极小种群和国家重点保护野生植物,分布范围狭窄,种群数量极少。目前,川柿基因组信息缺乏,在柿属(Diospyros)中的系统亲缘关系不明确。该研究通过Illumina平台对川柿叶绿体基因组进行测序,应用Getorganellev1.7.3.4和PGA软件对基因组进行组装和注释,使用DnaSP6.12.03软件进行多序列对比分析,并使用REPuter、Tandem Reapeats Finder和MISA软件进行重复序列分析,使用CodonW1.4和EasyCodemL软件分别进行密码子偏好性和选择压力分析。同时,基于4个不同的叶绿体基因组序列数据集,使用IQtree软件分析川柿与11个柿属物种的系统发育关系。结果表明:(1)川柿叶绿体基因组全长157 917 bp,包含1对26 111 bp的反向重复区、大单拷贝区(87 303 bp)和小单拷贝区(18 392 bp),GC碱基含量为37.4%。(2)川柿叶绿体基因组共注释到113个基因,包括79个蛋白编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因;共检测到49个长重复序列、27个串联重复序列和34个简单重复序列;蛋白编码基因中高频密码子31个,多数密码子末位碱基为A或U,编码亮氨酸的密码子使用最多;基因组编码区比非编码区更为保守,10个高变热点区域可作为潜在的分子标记;蛋白编码基因中有8个基因(ndhB、ndhG、ndhI、rbcL、rpoB、petB、petD、rps12)受到正选择压力。(3)系统发育分析显示,川柿与老鸦柿(D.rhombifolia)和乌柿(D.cathayensis)亲缘关系最为密切,它们与海南柿(D.hainanensis)共同形成一个单系分支。该研究结果既为川柿及柿属种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性保护以及种群恢复等提供了叶绿体基因组资源,也为阐明川柿的系统进化提供了重要的分子信息。

大别山区柿生态栽培模式的建立

以湖北省罗田县、麻城市为中心的大别山区是我国唯一的甜柿原产地,生态气候条件独特。以不减少耕地和林地面积为前提条件,在大别山区建立了3种柿树立体生态栽培模式,并获得国家发明专利授权。分别对3种山地柿树生态栽培模式进行介绍,以期充分利用大别山区的自然资源禀赋。其中,“一种柿子快速成园方法”(专利号:ZL201610325895.5),通过砧木直栽,有效减少柿苗缓苗期,缩短建园周期,实现了“三当”快速成园,即当年砧木(君迁子)播种育苗、当年定植、当年嫁接建园;“一种柿子—水稻立体种植方法”(专利号:ZL201610315732.9)和“一种用于山地柿园休闲观光的生态栽培模式”(专利号:ZL201810444935.7),形成了以柿产业为主体的农林复合生产模式,建立的山地柿+水稻、山地柿+黄花菜复合系统成为了多个山地田园综合体的重要旅游景观,而且山地柿+水稻立体种植模式还实现了山地稻田边际土地的综合利用。

Comparative investigation of the free radical scavenging potential and anticancer property of Diospyros blancoi(Ebenaceae)

Objective: To investigate the comparative effects of Diospyros blancoi(Ebenaceae)leaves(DBL), root bark(DBRB) and stem bark(DBSB) on free radicals and cancer.Methods: The polyphenol contents, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activities were performed on brine shrimp nauplii and Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells, respectively.Results: Among the extracts, DBSB showed the highest total antioxidant capacity and reducing capacity on ferrous ion. Based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, DBSB showed(95.760 ± 0.343)% and(67.460 ± 2.641)%scavenging with IC50of(3.10 ± 0.17) and(50.00 ± 3.11) mg/m L, respectively. The IC50 values of standard butylated hydroxytoluene and catechin(CA) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals were(8.50 ± 0.25) and(75.00 ± 0.14) mg/m L,respectively suggesting that DBSB had a significant(P < 0.05) radical scavenging activity than standards. In lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, the inhibitory activity of the extracts and the standard was in the following order: DBSB > DBRB > CA > DBL.Also, the phenolic [(139.91 ± 3.924) mg gallic acid equivalent/g] and flavonoid contents[(412.00 ± 16.70) mg catechin equivalent/g)] of DBSB were higher than that of other extracts. In addition, the DBSB showed the moderate cytotoxic and anticancer properties.Conclusions: Our results indicate that Diospyros blancoi stem bark had the significant highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties as well as moderate anticancer activity.Hence, we assume that the anticancer activity of this plant can be, at least in part, attributed to its content in phenolic compounds as well as its significant free radical scavenging properties.

Extraction of seed oil from Diospyros lotus optimized using response surface methodology

Oil from seeds of Diospyros lotus was extracted using a conventional method with two different solvents:hexane and petroleum ether. A central composite design with response surface methodology were used to optimize the process. A second-order polynomial equation was employed, and ANOVA was applied to evaluate the impact of various operating parameters including extraction temperature(x_1; 44.9–70.1 °C), extraction time(x_2;5.0–10.0 h) and solvent to solid ratio(x_3;11.6–28.4 mL g^(-1)), on oil yield. Experiments to validate the model showed decent conformity between predicted and actual values. Extraction conditions for optimal oil yield were 61 °C, 8.75 h extraction duration and 19.25 mL g^(-1) solvent to solid ratio. Under these conditions, the oil yield was predicted to be 5.1340%. Oil samples obtained were then analyzed using gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition revealed the major fatty acids to be oleic acid(C18:1) and linoleic acid(C18:2). The analysis of oil also demonstrated a decent ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The structure of seeds was imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Oil quality was analyzed thermogravimetrically and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The assigned nutritional features of the D. lotus oil suggested that it can be used as an edible oil in pharmaceutical and food industry in the future.

西南地区野生岩柿的光合与水分生理特征

以中国西南地区野生岩柿幼苗(Diospyros dumetorum W.W.Smith)为试验材料,探讨岩柿光合与水分生理特征规律,以期为岩柿资源保护、西南地区乡土植物群落修复提供理论和技术支持。分别使用Li-6800便携式光合测定仪和露点水势仪对光合生理指标和叶水势日变化进行测定,苗期岩柿叶片光饱和点为856.7919μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),光补偿点为20.4177μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),最大净光合速率为9.9469μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);其净光合速率主要与大气温度(T_(a))、气孔限制值(L_(s))、叶肉瞬时羧化效率(M_(CE))、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(W_(UE))、气孔导度(G_(s))影响因子呈正相关,叶片水势与大气温度(T_(a))、大气湿度(R_(H))与光合有效辐射(P_(AR))环境因子有密切关系,苗期岩柿光适应范围较窄,光饱和点及光补偿点偏低,在温度较高、湿度较低、光辐射强的环境下岩柿幼苗吸水能力减弱,使得其幼苗在光辐射强、植被覆盖率低的西南地区较为少见,因此,岩柿更适宜在适度遮荫的林下空间生长,在西南地区进行乡土植物岩柿的培育及经营管理时应进行合理植物配置、建立多层次林分结构,为岩柿幼苗提供一定遮光、降温、增湿的作用,将有助于其发挥更大的生态效益。

In vivo sedative and muscle relaxants activity of Diospyros lotus L

Objective: To evaluate the sedative effect of Diospyros lotus L(D. lotus) extract in mice using the open field and Rota rod tests.Methods: For the sedative and muscle relaxants activities of extract/fractions of the plant, invivo open field and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time were used, while the Roda rod test was employed in animals for the assessment of muscle relaxant activity.Results: Results from this investigation revealed that the extracts of D. lotus have exhibited significant sedative effect in mice(45.98%) at 100 mg/kg i.p. When the extract was partitioned with different solvents, the n-hexane fraction was inactive whereas the chloroform fraction was the most active with 82.67% sedative effect at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. On the other hand,the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions displayed significant sedative effects(55.65% and40.87%, respectively) at 100 mg/kg i.p. Among the tested extract/fractions, only chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant(P < 0.05) muscle relaxant activity in the Rota rod test.Conclusions: In short, our study provided scientific background to the traditional uses of D.lotus as sedative.

Diospyros lycioides Desf:Review of its botany, medicinal uses,pharmacological activities and phytochemistry

Diospyros lycioides Desf.(D. lycioides) is traditionally used as herbal medicine against various human and animal ailments in tropical Africa. The present paper reviewed information on botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of D. lycioides. This review was compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engine such as PubMed,Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, BioMed Central, Scielo, Medline and Science domain.Additional literatures were obtained from book chapters, books, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. D. lycioides is used as traditional medicine in 50% of the countries where the species is native in tropical Africa. This study recorded 22 medicinal uses of D.lycioides which included abdominal pains, infertility in women, sexually transmitted infections,and used as chewing sticks(or mouthwash), toothbrushes and ethnoveterinary medicine. D.lycioides extracts demonstrated anti-adhesive, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antioxidant,antifungal, antiproliferative, mutagenicity and antibacterial activities. Future research should focus on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, clinical trials and pharmacokinetics of D. lycioides which will enhance the therapeutic potential of the species.

Effects of two medicinal plants Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) and Diospyros mespiliformis L. (Ebenaceae) leaf extracts on rat skeletal muscle cells in primary culture

Crude decoction, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two medicinal plants （Psidiura guajava and Diospyros raespiliformis）, widely used in the central plateau of Burkina Faso to treat many diseases were evaluated for their antagonistic effects on caffeine induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle cells. These different extracts showed a decrease of caffeine induced calcium release in a dose dependent manner. Comparison of the results showed that Psidiura guajava leaf extracts are more active than extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis and that crude decoctions show better inhibitory activity. The observed results could explaine their use as antihypertensive and antidiarrhoeal agents in traditional medicine, by inhibiting intracellular calcium release.

Inter-and Intra-specific Genetic Diversity in Diospyros Using SCoT and IRAP Markers

The genus Diospyros contains more than 500 species, among them persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is the most economically important species. However, the inter-and intra-specific genetic diversity remains unknown due to historic cultivation, domestication and introduction in different regions of China. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and relationship among 268 Diospyros accessions from different regions in China using start codon-targeted(SCo T) and inter-retrotransposon-amplified polymorphism(IRAP) markers. Among 268 samples,232 accessions were D. kaki varieties and 36 were closely related species, that is, D. lotus(21), D. glaucifolia(1), D. virginiana(5), D. kaki Thunb.var. silvestris(3), D. oleifera(5) and D. deyangnsis(1). In our study, a total of 90 and 97 polymorphic alleles were obtained from nine SCo T and nine IRAP markers, respectively, and these markers displayed rich polymorphisms for evaluation of the genetic diversity among 268 samples. A study on the relationship, genetic structure and analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) showed that inter-and intra-specific gene exchanges were frequent among/within the samples from five regions. Moreover, the genetic distance between the Southwest China(SWC) and the other regions was relatively far;the samples from North China(NC), East China(EC), South and Central China(SCC), Northwest China(NWC) regions had a relatively close relationship. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means(UPGMA) and population structure analysis indicated that persimmons within geographic regions were clustered together, which revealed that the samples from various regions exhibited gene exchange, and the geographical proximity of persimmons resulted in a more frequent exchange. In addition, the persimmon had a close relationship with D. kaki var. silvestris, D. deyangnsis and D. oleifera species, and exhibited a far distance with respect to D. virginiana. These SCo T and IRAP markers will be helpful for understanding of the inter-and intra-specific genetic diversity of Diospyros germplasms, which play an important role in the germplasm efficient conservation, identification and utilization for Diospyros resources.

柿庄南区块煤储层地应力和破裂压力特征及其耦合关系

以柿庄南区块112口煤层气井为研究对象,采用水力压裂法计算煤储层地应力,获取了研究区地应力及破裂压力展布特征,分别建立了破裂压力与水平主应力、有效应力之间的相关模型,揭示了该区块3号煤储层地应力与破裂压力之间的耦合关系,并剖析了地应力对破裂压力的影响。研究结果表明:柿庄南区块3号煤储层整体为中等至高应力区,地应力场类型在垂向上发生转换,埋深400~640 m区域以逆断层应力场型为主,640~810 m区域以走滑断层应力场型为主,810 m以深区域以正断层应力场型为主;侧压系数一般为0.38~1.99,埋深600 m以浅区域,绝大多数大于1,埋深600~800 m区域,侧压系数为0.52~1.93,埋深800 m以深区域,侧压系数均小于1;该区块破裂压力为12.89~36.10 MPa,破裂压力梯度为1.47~6.09 MPa/hm,破裂压力与埋深呈现反“S”形变化,810 m以浅破裂压力离散性较大,整体与埋深呈现负相关,810 m以深破裂压力与埋深呈现正相关;该区块最大水平主应力、最小水平主应力及其各自应力梯度与煤储层破裂压力在一定程度上呈现正相关,但相关性不强;同一埋深条件下,破裂压力随着水平主应力的变化而变化,但最小水平主应力对破裂压力的影响明显大于最大水平主应力;煤储层破裂压力与水平主应力差呈反“N”形变化,与有效应力呈正相关;在水平应力差为2~4MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而减小;在水平应力差为4~8 MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而增大;当水平应力差高于8 MPa时,破裂压力随应力差的增大而减小。

Investigation of the Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Diospyros malabarica</i>Fruit Extracts

Diospyros malabarica (Deshi Gab) belonging to the family “Ebenaceae” grows well in the humid tropical climate of Bangladesh. In order to investigate the phytoconstituents both qualitatively and quantitatively, the seed and flesh extracts of D. malabarica were prepared using two polar solvents (i.e., water and 70% ethanol) and a nonpolar solvent (i.e., hexane). The maximum yield was obtained for aqueous and ethanolic seed extracts indicating that most of the phytoconstituents present in D. malabarica fruit are polar. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of diverse amount of phytoconstituents in the extracts. On the other hand, the quantitative phytochemical analysis for phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, proteins, reducing sugar and vitamin C revealed that the maximum amount of phenols, tannins, flavonoids and reducing sugar were present in aqueous seed extract. However, the maximum amount of total protein and vitamin C was found in ethanolic seed extract. D. malabarica seed powder contained more amount of alkaloids (i.e., 13.6%) than that of flesh (i.e., 3.4%). However, the content of saponin was more in flesh extract (0.74%) when compared to that of seed extract (0.42%). In vitro antioxidant properties of the extracts were also investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and reducing power assay. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for aqueous seed extract followed by the ethanolic seed, ethanolic flesh, and aqueous flesh extracts. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for hexane flesh extract. Furthermore, the lowest (i.e., 44.70 μg/ml) as well as the highest (2359.66 μg/ml) IC50 values were obtained for aqueous seed and hexane flesh extracts, respectively.

防城金花茶国家级自然保护区罗浮柿种群空间分布格局及关联分析

以防城金花茶国家级自然保护区罗浮柿优势种群为研究对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)和g_(12)(r)对种群不同发育时期的空间格局和关联性进行分析。结果显示:罗浮柿树种群在不同径级上的分布呈“单峰”型。幼树与中树在研究尺度内以聚集分布为主,而幼苗和成树则显示随机分布的趋势。幼苗与幼树、中树、成树在一定小中尺度范围内呈正相关。幼树和中树在研究尺度主要以正向的促进关系为主,幼树、中树与成树则显示为不相关。罗浮柿种群内的更新苗木储备丰富,种群呈现稳定增长趋势。罗浮柿种群的分布格局及其关联性随种群密度和树木大小的改变而变化。

湖南柿竹园矿田柴山石英脉型钨矿体的发现及其深部勘查指示

湖南柿竹园矿田以矽卡岩型钨锡多金属矿床集中产出而闻名。近期在柴山矿区坑探新揭露了一组石英脉型钨矿体,该组矿体穿切早期矽卡岩,成矿明显较晚,这不仅为柿竹园深部找矿增添了新的线索,也为研究区内矽卡岩型钨矿与石英脉型钨矿的成因联系问题提供了理想场地。文章以柴山石英脉型钨矿为研究对象,对其中黑钨矿、白钨矿和石英开展了矿物地球化学和流体包裹体研究。结果显示:柴山黑钨矿表现为明显负Eu异常的左倾型稀土元素配分模式,与瑶岗仙黑钨矿类似;石英脉中白钨矿则表现为负Eu异常的平坦型稀土元素配分模式,这与区内矽卡岩型白钨矿类似,但分馏效应不明显,Mo含量也明显偏低;同一矿体中白钨矿的Y/Ho比值(6.21~22.35)明显高于黑钨矿的Y/Ho比值(4.61~5.95),这可能与晚期萤石的晶出有关。白钨矿和石英流体包裹体温度和盐度明显低于矽卡岩型钨矿,显示出中高温、中低盐度成矿流体特征。结合矿物学和流体包裹体的研究成果及矿体产出特征,指示柴山石英脉型钨矿与矽卡岩型钨矿为不同源、不同期次的岩浆热液产物,石英脉型钨矿的成矿流体可能源自柿竹园矿田千里山黑云母花岗岩主体侵位之后的更晚一期花岗质岩浆活动,并由此推测矿区南段深部存在一期更晚的岩浆成矿作用,成因上与石英脉型钨矿化相关,预测柿竹园矿田柴山矽卡岩型矿体之深部仍存“第二找矿空间”。