Study on Crops Classification Based on Multi-spectral Image and Decision Tree Method

[Objective] The aim was to explore the feasibility of using single spectrum image to classify crops based on multi-spectral image and Decision Tree Method. [Method] Taking the typical agriculture plantation area in Hulunbeier area, according to field measured spectrum data, the optimum time of main crops, barley, wheat, rapeseed, based on crops spectrum characteristics, by dint of decision-making tree method, and considering spectral matching method, classification of crops was studied such as SAM. [Result] By dint of Landsat TM image gained in the first half of August, based on geographic and atmospheric proof-reading, decision-making tree was constructed. Plantation information about wheat, barley, and rapeseed and plantation grassland was extracted successfully. The general classification accuracy reached 86.90%. Kappa coefficient was 0.831 1. [Conclusion] Taking typical spectrum image as data source, and applying Decision Tree Method to get crops type＇s information had fine application future.

林业产业化与森林经理

没有高质量和丰富的森林资源,就没有发达的林业产业,林业产业的发展客观上要求进一步提高工业用材林的集约经营程度。森林经理工作对林业企业进行统筹,通过谋划与控制实施各项经营活动的有序和高效开展。在以产业思想经营工业用材林的条件下,必然追求工业用材林培育的低成本和高利润,建立以林木资源为主体的森林资源资产化运作机制为林业产业化的发展提供必要的物质基础。

Contribution of Root Respiration to Total Soil Respiration in a Betula ermanii-Dark Coniferous Forest Ecotone of the Changbai Mountains, China

Total and root-severed soil respiration rates for five plots set up 50 m apart in a Betula ermanii Cham.-dark coniferous forest ecotone on a north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountains, China, were measured to evaluate the seasonal variations of soil respiration, to assess the effect of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration, and to estimate the relative contributions of root respiration to the total soil respiration. PVC cylinders in each of 5 forest types of a B. ermanii-dark coniferous forest ecotone were used to measure soil respirations both inside and outside of the cylinders. The contribution of roots to the total soil respiration rates ranged from 12.5% to 54.6%. The mean contribution of roots for the different plots varied with the season, increasing from 32.5% on June 26 to 36.6% on August 3 and to 41.8% on October 14. In addition, there existed a significant (P < 0.01) logarithmic relationship between total soil respiration rate and soil temperature at 5 cm soil depth. Also, a similar trend was observed for the soil respiration and soil water content at the surface (0-5 cm) during the same period of time.

Projected benefit-cost analysis of agri-silvicultural system:vegetable crops intercropping with Salix alba (Willow)

An experiment upon an agri-silvicultural system involving Willow （Salix alba） tree, Kale （Brassica oleracea var. acephala） and Knol khol （Brassica oleracea var. caularapa） was laid in randomized block designed at farmers＇ willow field at Shalimar near Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar India during 2005 and 2006. The main plot was divided into sub-spots with 8 m × 2 m in size each in which four two-year-old willow （Salix alba） trees were at a spacing of 2 m ×2 m in a sub-spot. The intercrops were maintained at recommended spacing and supplied with recommended doses of fertilizers. The benefit-cost ratio in willow plantation intercropped with vegetable crops of Kale and Knol Khol was analyzed and compared with the benefit-cost ratio of sole willow tree forestry. The results showed that every rupee invested in plantation of agri-silvicultural system generates benefit-cost ratio of 2.78 and 2.79 in case of Willow intercropping with Kale and Willow with Knol khol, respectively, while as for sole crop of willows benefit-cost ratio was calculated to be 2.66. These results provided circumstantial evidence in favour of adopting agroforestry involving willow instead of Sole tree forestry.

Biomass and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Poplar-Wheat Inter-cropping System in Irrigated Agro-ecosystem in India

An attempt has been made to assess the productivity as well as the carbon sequestration potential of this mixture. The grain as well as straw yields were significantly lower in poplar block plantations than in the open （14 to 64% and 13 to 66% grain and straw yield, respectively under one to six year plantation）. The annual productivity of poplars was recorded maximum after fourth year and later the annual wood increment decreased （42.4, 39.8 and 35.6 m^3/ha/yr after 4^th, 5^th and 6^th year, respectively）. The enrichment of soil through litter and roots enhanced the organic carbon in the surface layer of soil （0-15 cm） under poplar blocks as compared to open fields with wheat crop only. The carbon storage potential in agroforestry system was recorded very high in comparison to sole crop. The carbon storage in agroforestry system increased with the age of the plantation and the major contribution came from the timber, roots and litter （37.30 mg/ha after six years）. However, wheat crop yield decreased under poplar but this may be compensated by the poplar trees in terms of biomass, economic returns and the carbon sequestration potential.

Effect of Sustained Deficit Irrigation on Stem Water Potential of Navel Oranges in Jordan Valley

Research was conducted to find the relationship between deficit irrigation treatments （DIT） and stems water potential. The study was conducted on 14 years old navel orange trees grafted on sour oranges for the growing season 2006/2007 at a private farm in the Northern part of Jordan Valley （latitude： 32° 50′ N, longitude： 32° 50′ E, altitude： -254 m）. Three levels of irrigation treatments （IT） were applied; namely 100%, 75% and 50% of reference evapotranspiration, representing over irrigation （OIT）, full irrigation （FIT）, and deficit irrigation （DIT）, respectively. A drip irrigation using one irrigation source line with drippers spaced 0.5 m having average discharge of 2.3 L/hr at pressure 1.5 bar, was used. Stem water potential （SWP） at 100% over irrigation treatment （OIT） of navel orange trees had less negative value during the irrigation seasons （-1.57 MPa）, whereas the highest negative value （-2.17 MPa） occurred at 50% deficit irrigation treatment （DIT）.

THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME POROUS RESINS AND THEIR ADSORPTION PROPERTY ON STEVIA GLYCOSIDES

A series of porous resins (PYR) with different content of pyridyl group were prepared,and their physical structure and adsorption properties on the stevia glycosides werestudied in detail. Afler the selective adsorption of PYR resins, the rebaudioside A couldbe separated hem the other components of the stevia glycosides, and a new methodforobtaining pure rebaudioside A is reported.

Evaluation of Neem-based Compound Fertilizer for Crop Production in Samaru, Moist Savanna of Nigeria

Nutrient mining is one of the major threats facing crop production in Africa and inputs of nutrients are required to overcome this constraint. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of sole and combined applications of neem-based and conventional compound （NPK 15-15-15） fertilizers on five crops. In another set of treatments, a factorial combination of the neem fertilizer and urea at 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 was applied to maize, millet and sorghum in the field in a randomized complete block design. The results obtained on cowpea and soybean showed that application of 20 kg N hal from the neem-based compound fertilizer produced both grain and haulm yields that were comparable to what was obtained with the application of 30 kg N ha1 from the conventional fertilizer. Based on maize performance, combined application of neem-based and NPK in ratio 0.25：0.75 respectively gave significantly （P 〈 0.01） higher plant height, stem girth, shoot and dry weight compared to other treatment combinations. The causes of the interactions between the two fertilizer sources resulting in added benefits from their mixed rather than sole application could be attributed to improvement in phosphorus availability and other soil conditions.

A size-gradient hypothesis for alpine treeline ecotones

Research on the stress gradient hypothesis recognizes that positive(i.e. facilitative) and negative(i.e. competitive) plant interactions change in intensity and effect relative to abiotic stress experienced on a gradient. Motivated by observations of alpine treeline ecotones, we suggest that this switch in interaction could operate along a gradient of relative size of individual plants. We propose that as neighbors increase in size relative to a focal plant they improve the environment for that plant up to a critical point. After this critical point is surpassed, however, increasing relative size of neighbors will degrade the environment such that the net interaction intensity becomes negative. We developed a conceptual(not site or species specific) individual based model to simulate a single species with recruitment, growth, and mortality dependent on the environment mediated by the relative size of neighbors. Growth and size form a feedback. Simulation results show that the size gradient model produces metrics similar to that of a stress gradient model. Visualizations reveal that the size gradient model produces spatial patterns that are similar to the complex ones observed at alpine treelines. Size-mediated interaction could be a mechanism of the stress gradient hypothesis or it could operate independent of abiotic stress.

Interaction between Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide and Water and Solute Flow in a Sand and Loam

Superabsorbents such as cross-linked PAM （polyacrylamides） are frequently used to increase water availability to plants. Commercial PAM providers suggest that besides its increasing water availability, PAMs also increase nutrient availability to plants. To test this premise, four application rates （0.0 g·kg^-1, 0.33 g·kg^-1, 1.66 g·kg^-1, 3.33 g·kg^-1 and 6.66 g·kg^-1） ofa PAM were mixed with sandy and loamy soils to evaluate its effect on nutrient leaching and retention in these soils. Miscible displacements of chloride were conducted on columns of PAM-soil mixtures and results were evaluated by an equilibrium CDE （convection dispersion equation） model. Increasing the PAM rates up to 1.66 g·kg^-1 resulted in increased early appearance and dispersive transport of chloride in sand. In addition, increasing the PAM rates gradually caused increased tailing of the breakthrough curves of chloride in both soils. These suggested that PAM increased preferential transport of chloride while it increased retention of chloride in soils. Effect of PAM on preferential transport and retardation of CI was greater in sand than loam.

Nutritional content explains the attractiveness of cacao to crop raiding Tonkean macaques

Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June - Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, com- bined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean ma- caques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic signifi- cance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 160-169, 2013].