Stem respiration is an important part of the activity of a tree and is an important source of CO2 evolution from a forest ecosystem. Presently, no standard methods are available for the accurate estimation of total st...Stem respiration is an important part of the activity of a tree and is an important source of CO2 evolution from a forest ecosystem. Presently, no standard methods are available for the accurate estimation of total stem CO2 efflux from a forest. In the current study, a 33-year-old (by the year 2001) larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) plantation was measured throughout 2001-2002 to analyze its monthly and seasonal patterns of stem respiration. Stem respiration rate was also measured at different heights, at different daily intervals and any variation in the larch plantation was recorded. The relationship between stem temperature, growth status and respiration rate was analyzed. Higher respiration rates were recorded in upper reaches of the larch tree throughout the season and these were affected partially by temperature difference. Midday depression was found in the diurnal changes in stem respiration. In the morning, but not in the afternoon, stem respiration was positively correlated with stem temperature. The reason for this variation may be attributed to water deficit, which was stronger in the afternoon. In the larch plantation, a maximum 7-fold variation in stem respiration was found. The growth status (such as mean growth rate of stem and canopy projection area) instead of stem temperature difference was positively correlated with this large variation. An S-model (sigmoid curve) or Power model shows the greatest regression of the field data. In the courses of seasonal and annual changes of stem respiration, peak values were observed in July of both years, but substantial interannual differences in magnitude were observed. An exponential model can clearly show this regression of the temperature-respiration relationship. In our results, Q(10) values ranged from 2.22 in 2001 to 3.53 in 2002. Therefore, estimation of total stem CO2 efflux only by a constant Q(10) value may give biased results. More parameters of growth status and water status should be considered for more accurate estimation.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other f...[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows: under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows: jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.展开更多
Majority (80%) of people worldwide may not be aware of the numerous invaluable benefits of"the tree of life": the coconut palm especially the fruit. Some benefits include: its juice for weight loss, cure of hung...Majority (80%) of people worldwide may not be aware of the numerous invaluable benefits of"the tree of life": the coconut palm especially the fruit. Some benefits include: its juice for weight loss, cure of hung-over, diarrhoea, balance of body's pH level, among others. None-the-less, its availability and continuity to support life is hindered by the Cape St. Paul disease. To buttress government's efforts, this paper seeks to find out whether people are aware of some of the benefits of the coconut palm and the disease that attacks it. The survey revealed that, although awareness level of respondents' on some facts about the coconut fruit was moderate (40%-69%), majority (97%) of respondents consumed both the meat and juice. Respondents (70%) patronized coconut fruit weekly. Consumers' patronage of coconut fruit was influenced by three factors: health benefits, availability and packaging. The development of the CPS (coconut patronage scale) was a major contribution.展开更多
Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The influence of agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average particle size (PS) and particle s...Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The influence of agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD), particle morphology and porosity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin was investigated. It showed that the agitator had great influence on the smooth operation of polymerization, PS and PSD. The PS increased and PSD became narrow as polymerization conversion became high. The porosity decreased with the increase of conversion. A convenient choice of additives, both dispersants and non-ionic surfactants, allows one to adjust PS and PSD. The PS decreased with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersants,and increased with the addition of Span surfactants. The addition of dispersants or surfactants also affected the morphology and porosity of resin, and PVC resin with looser agglomeration and homogeneous distribution of primary particles was prepared.展开更多
Information on geographic distribution, population and threat status of most globally red listed species in the Indo Burma zone are inadequate. Given the increase in the prevalence of isolated forest patches in the pa...Information on geographic distribution, population and threat status of most globally red listed species in the Indo Burma zone are inadequate. Given the increase in the prevalence of isolated forest patches in the part of this hotspot, evaluation is necessary on how size of the remnant forest patches and on-going disturbances affects structure and diversity of remaining habitats including the population of some globally threatened tree species. Quantitative vegetation inventory by 500 m long and lO m wide (0.5 ha) line transects were randomly set in nine fragmented tropical semi-evergreen forest patches in Tripura, Northeast India. The studied forests patches grouped into small, medium and large based on their respected sizes. Spatial variability was analysed in woody species diversity and structure along the patch size gradients and their response to both patch size and anthropogenic disturbances. Out of 167 species, 13 identified as red-listed species by IUCN under the present inventory. Most of the diversity and structural parameters showed statistically significant positive response with the forest patch size, except for stand dominance, disturbance, sapling density and number of aggregated distribution pattern decreased when patch size increased. In addition, most of the diversity and structural attributes showed negative response with disturbances. Present baseline data would serve as an effective tool for management and protection of this important forest type. Future habitat restoration programme and strategies for relocation of additional population and re-introduction of those globally threatened trees are recommended.展开更多
The purpose of this study was focused on the imaging features of the chest trauma and its relation to clinical characteristics. All the injured patients were from the Yushu Earthquake areas on days April 14 - 23,2010....The purpose of this study was focused on the imaging features of the chest trauma and its relation to clinical characteristics. All the injured patients were from the Yushu Earthquake areas on days April 14 - 23,2010. After an initial treatment,the injurers were rapidly transported from Yushu at an altitude of 4 000 m via air to Xining at 2 260 m within 6~8 h,and promptly admitted to Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital. A total of 130 wounded injurers who had high suspicion of chest injuries all had examinations of Chest X-ray and computed tomography(CT)images. Of them 63 injurers presented at least one of the features of the chest trauma in imaging with a positive rate of 48.5 %. Of these,37 cases (28.5 %) were multi-system with multiple injuries ,33 cases (25.4 %) were chest trauma with multi-injury types,which included thoracic fractures in 54 cases (85.7 %),pleural injury in 56 cases (88.9 %),lung injury in 54 cases (85.7 %),lungs complications in 37 cases (58.7 %),and extrapulmonary complications of 35 cases (55.6 %). The radiological data were analyzed retrospectively. The features of chest trauma in Yushu Earthquake,the complications of chest injuries,and the relation between imaging findings and clinical manifestations,as well as the differences of chest trauma between Yushu Earthquake and Wenchuan Earthquake were discussed in detail.展开更多
Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Pe...Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Petrucci families, Bazzi depicted mythological paintings focusing on the personifications of love both terrestrial and celestial. This paper looks at two such works. In one, there hangs on a sycamore tree a classical cartello with the Latin inscription Celestes, meaning celestial or heavenly, providing the title for the painting Amore Celeste (Celestial Love, Figure 3). A woman, as the personification of love, stands in front of two altars. She ignites one urn with fire and at the same time pours water over another burning fire. In the second work, a tondo with the theme of Terrestrial Love and Celestial Love, Bazzi considered the mischievousness of Venus' children Eros and Anteros (Figure 12). These paintings are mythological and poetical delights with complex symbolism, here analyzed in terms of their iconography in relation to classical influences and Renaissance Neoplatonic love or furor divinus. The paradoxical quest of Renaissance Neoplatonic love was to fuse pagan love with Christian love. For the humanists of the time (Bembo, Colonna, Poliziano, Ficino and Pico) this moral dilemma was a philosophical puzzle, but for artists (Botticelli, Nicoletto da Modena, Pinturicchio and Bazzi) the theme was a pictorial challenge.展开更多
Crystal growth processes of poly(ethylene oxide) were followed from the original nucleation sites by using atomic force microscopy. Two distinct quasi-2-dimensional crystals about 4 nm thick were obtained from as-sp...Crystal growth processes of poly(ethylene oxide) were followed from the original nucleation sites by using atomic force microscopy. Two distinct quasi-2-dimensional crystals about 4 nm thick were obtained from as-spun polymer ultrathin films: fibrous crystals, generated by the sheafing field via spin-coating, coexist with con- ventional dendrites. The growth of the two structures is dominated by diffusion limited aggregation, though the growth rate of the fibrous crystals is around one order of magnitude faster than that of the dendrites. The fibrous crystals are more stable than the dendritic ones.展开更多
文摘Stem respiration is an important part of the activity of a tree and is an important source of CO2 evolution from a forest ecosystem. Presently, no standard methods are available for the accurate estimation of total stem CO2 efflux from a forest. In the current study, a 33-year-old (by the year 2001) larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) plantation was measured throughout 2001-2002 to analyze its monthly and seasonal patterns of stem respiration. Stem respiration rate was also measured at different heights, at different daily intervals and any variation in the larch plantation was recorded. The relationship between stem temperature, growth status and respiration rate was analyzed. Higher respiration rates were recorded in upper reaches of the larch tree throughout the season and these were affected partially by temperature difference. Midday depression was found in the diurnal changes in stem respiration. In the morning, but not in the afternoon, stem respiration was positively correlated with stem temperature. The reason for this variation may be attributed to water deficit, which was stronger in the afternoon. In the larch plantation, a maximum 7-fold variation in stem respiration was found. The growth status (such as mean growth rate of stem and canopy projection area) instead of stem temperature difference was positively correlated with this large variation. An S-model (sigmoid curve) or Power model shows the greatest regression of the field data. In the courses of seasonal and annual changes of stem respiration, peak values were observed in July of both years, but substantial interannual differences in magnitude were observed. An exponential model can clearly show this regression of the temperature-respiration relationship. In our results, Q(10) values ranged from 2.22 in 2001 to 3.53 in 2002. Therefore, estimation of total stem CO2 efflux only by a constant Q(10) value may give biased results. More parameters of growth status and water status should be considered for more accurate estimation.
基金Supported by Special Foundation for Young Scientific and Technological Talents,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(xjnky-2012-009)Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest(201003043-07)+1 种基金Scientific Research Programof the Higher Education Institution of XinJiang(XJEDU2012S14)National-level College Students’Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program(201210758002)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows: under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows: jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.
文摘Majority (80%) of people worldwide may not be aware of the numerous invaluable benefits of"the tree of life": the coconut palm especially the fruit. Some benefits include: its juice for weight loss, cure of hung-over, diarrhoea, balance of body's pH level, among others. None-the-less, its availability and continuity to support life is hindered by the Cape St. Paul disease. To buttress government's efforts, this paper seeks to find out whether people are aware of some of the benefits of the coconut palm and the disease that attacks it. The survey revealed that, although awareness level of respondents' on some facts about the coconut fruit was moderate (40%-69%), majority (97%) of respondents consumed both the meat and juice. Respondents (70%) patronized coconut fruit weekly. Consumers' patronage of coconut fruit was influenced by three factors: health benefits, availability and packaging. The development of the CPS (coconut patronage scale) was a major contribution.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29906009).
文摘Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The influence of agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD), particle morphology and porosity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin was investigated. It showed that the agitator had great influence on the smooth operation of polymerization, PS and PSD. The PS increased and PSD became narrow as polymerization conversion became high. The porosity decreased with the increase of conversion. A convenient choice of additives, both dispersants and non-ionic surfactants, allows one to adjust PS and PSD. The PS decreased with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersants,and increased with the addition of Span surfactants. The addition of dispersants or surfactants also affected the morphology and porosity of resin, and PVC resin with looser agglomeration and homogeneous distribution of primary particles was prepared.
基金funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India (Grant No. BT/ PR7928/NDB/52/ 9/2006] through BDT Network Project
文摘Information on geographic distribution, population and threat status of most globally red listed species in the Indo Burma zone are inadequate. Given the increase in the prevalence of isolated forest patches in the part of this hotspot, evaluation is necessary on how size of the remnant forest patches and on-going disturbances affects structure and diversity of remaining habitats including the population of some globally threatened tree species. Quantitative vegetation inventory by 500 m long and lO m wide (0.5 ha) line transects were randomly set in nine fragmented tropical semi-evergreen forest patches in Tripura, Northeast India. The studied forests patches grouped into small, medium and large based on their respected sizes. Spatial variability was analysed in woody species diversity and structure along the patch size gradients and their response to both patch size and anthropogenic disturbances. Out of 167 species, 13 identified as red-listed species by IUCN under the present inventory. Most of the diversity and structural parameters showed statistically significant positive response with the forest patch size, except for stand dominance, disturbance, sapling density and number of aggregated distribution pattern decreased when patch size increased. In addition, most of the diversity and structural attributes showed negative response with disturbances. Present baseline data would serve as an effective tool for management and protection of this important forest type. Future habitat restoration programme and strategies for relocation of additional population and re-introduction of those globally threatened trees are recommended.
基金Project of Qinghai Development of Science and Technology (No.2011-N-150)
文摘The purpose of this study was focused on the imaging features of the chest trauma and its relation to clinical characteristics. All the injured patients were from the Yushu Earthquake areas on days April 14 - 23,2010. After an initial treatment,the injurers were rapidly transported from Yushu at an altitude of 4 000 m via air to Xining at 2 260 m within 6~8 h,and promptly admitted to Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital. A total of 130 wounded injurers who had high suspicion of chest injuries all had examinations of Chest X-ray and computed tomography(CT)images. Of them 63 injurers presented at least one of the features of the chest trauma in imaging with a positive rate of 48.5 %. Of these,37 cases (28.5 %) were multi-system with multiple injuries ,33 cases (25.4 %) were chest trauma with multi-injury types,which included thoracic fractures in 54 cases (85.7 %),pleural injury in 56 cases (88.9 %),lung injury in 54 cases (85.7 %),lungs complications in 37 cases (58.7 %),and extrapulmonary complications of 35 cases (55.6 %). The radiological data were analyzed retrospectively. The features of chest trauma in Yushu Earthquake,the complications of chest injuries,and the relation between imaging findings and clinical manifestations,as well as the differences of chest trauma between Yushu Earthquake and Wenchuan Earthquake were discussed in detail.
文摘Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Petrucci families, Bazzi depicted mythological paintings focusing on the personifications of love both terrestrial and celestial. This paper looks at two such works. In one, there hangs on a sycamore tree a classical cartello with the Latin inscription Celestes, meaning celestial or heavenly, providing the title for the painting Amore Celeste (Celestial Love, Figure 3). A woman, as the personification of love, stands in front of two altars. She ignites one urn with fire and at the same time pours water over another burning fire. In the second work, a tondo with the theme of Terrestrial Love and Celestial Love, Bazzi considered the mischievousness of Venus' children Eros and Anteros (Figure 12). These paintings are mythological and poetical delights with complex symbolism, here analyzed in terms of their iconography in relation to classical influences and Renaissance Neoplatonic love or furor divinus. The paradoxical quest of Renaissance Neoplatonic love was to fuse pagan love with Christian love. For the humanists of the time (Bembo, Colonna, Poliziano, Ficino and Pico) this moral dilemma was a philosophical puzzle, but for artists (Botticelli, Nicoletto da Modena, Pinturicchio and Bazzi) the theme was a pictorial challenge.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21176065,21136004)the 111 Project(B08021)the Fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities of China
文摘Crystal growth processes of poly(ethylene oxide) were followed from the original nucleation sites by using atomic force microscopy. Two distinct quasi-2-dimensional crystals about 4 nm thick were obtained from as-spun polymer ultrathin films: fibrous crystals, generated by the sheafing field via spin-coating, coexist with con- ventional dendrites. The growth of the two structures is dominated by diffusion limited aggregation, though the growth rate of the fibrous crystals is around one order of magnitude faster than that of the dendrites. The fibrous crystals are more stable than the dendritic ones.