Developing sustainable and clean electrochemical energy conversion technologies is a crucial step in addressing the challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Exploring and developing new electrocataly...Developing sustainable and clean electrochemical energy conversion technologies is a crucial step in addressing the challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Exploring and developing new electrocatalysts with excellent performance and low cost will facilitate the commercial use of these energy conversion technologies. Recently, dual-atom catalysts(DACs) have attracted considerable research interest since they exhibit higher metal atom loading and more flexible active sites compared to single-atom catalysts(SACs). In this paper, the latest preparation methods and characterization techniques of DACs are systematically reviewed. The advantages of homonuclear and heteronuclear DACs and the catalytic mechanism and identification technologies between the two DACs are highlighted. The current applications of DACs in the field of electrocatalysis are summarized. The development opportunities and challenges of DACs in the future are prospected. The ultimate goal is to provide new ideas for the preparation of new catalysts with excellent properties by customizing diatomic catalysts for electrochemical applications.展开更多
This paper analyzes the role of nuclear power of China's energy structure and industry system. Comparing with other renewable energy the nuclear power chain has very low greenhouse gas emission, so it will play mo...This paper analyzes the role of nuclear power of China's energy structure and industry system. Comparing with other renewable energy the nuclear power chain has very low greenhouse gas emission, so it will play more important role in China's low-carbon economy. The paper also discussed the necessity of nuclear power development to achieve emission reduction, energy structure adjustment, nuclear power safety,environmental protection, enhancement of nuclear power technology, nuclear waste treatment, and disposal, as well as nuclear power plant decommissioning. Based on the safety record and situation of the existing power plants in China, the current status of the development of world nuclear power technology, and the features of the independently designed advanced power plants in China, this paper aims to demonstrate the safety of nuclear power. A nuclear power plant will not cause harm either to the environment and nor to the public according to the real data of radioactivity release, which are obtained from an operational nuclear plant. The development of nuclear power technology can enhance the safety of nuclear power. Further, this paper discusses issues related to the nuclear fuel cycle, the treatment, and disposal strategies of nuclear waste, and the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, all of which are issues of public concern.展开更多
Thorium was discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons J. Berzelius. Despite some advantages over uranium for use in nuclear reactors, its main use, in the almost two centuries since its discovery, thorium was res...Thorium was discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons J. Berzelius. Despite some advantages over uranium for use in nuclear reactors, its main use, in the almost two centuries since its discovery, thorium was restricted to use for gas mantles, especially in the early 20th century. In the beginning of the nuclear era, many countries had interested on thorium, particularly during the 1950-1970 period. There are about 435 nuclear reactors in the world nowadays. They need more than 65,000 tons of uranium yearly. The future world energy needs will increase and, even if we assumed a conservative contribution of nuclear generation, there will be a significant increasing in the uranium prices occur, taking into account that uranium, as used in the present thermal reactors, is a finite resource. Thorium is nearly three times more abundant than uranium in the Earth＇s crust. Despite thorium is not a fissile material, ^232Th can be converted to ^233U （fissile） more efficiently than ^238U to ^239pu. Besides this, since it is possible to convert thorium waste into non-radioactive elements, thorium is an environment-friendly alternative energy source. Thorium fuel cycle is also inherently resistant to proliferation. Some papers evaluate the thorium resources in Brazil over 1,200,000 metric t. Then, the thorium alternative must be seriously considered in Brazil for strategic reasons. In this paper a brief history of thorium is presented, besides a review of the world thorium utilization and a discussion about advantages and restrictions of thorium use.展开更多
Nuclear power is a powerful and effective energy branch in Ukraine. There are currently 4 active nuclear power stations （NPS） and 13 operational VVER energy units, producing a total power of 11880 MW, in the country...Nuclear power is a powerful and effective energy branch in Ukraine. There are currently 4 active nuclear power stations （NPS） and 13 operational VVER energy units, producing a total power of 11880 MW, in the country. According to the data collected from the International Agency of Nuclear-Power Energy, Ukraine is in seventh place for the largest supply of uranium on the planet. The use of nuclear power in Ukraine includes： extraction and processing uranium ore, production of UF6, production of zirconia rental and purveyances from a zirconia alloy, production of heat-radiating collections, storage of exhaust nuclear fuel and nuclear wastes. The realisation of uranium isotopic enrichment is the main problem in the structure of organisation in nuclear fuel production in Ukraine. This country has a unique station, non-operative Chemobyl NPS, where different types of wastes are located. Two factories are currently being built there in order to process the liquid and solid radio-active wastes. In perspective, Ukrainian nuclear-power energy will be enriched with new nuclear-power units and security systems to ensure safe manufacturing.展开更多
As a main channel for the foreign economic cooperation of China nuclear industry,China Zhongyuan Engineering Corporation (CZEC) has been constantly engaged in technical modifications and management innovations in its ...As a main channel for the foreign economic cooperation of China nuclear industry,China Zhongyuan Engineering Corporation (CZEC) has been constantly engaged in technical modifications and management innovations in its exporting nuclear reactor projects.In the implementation of heavy water research reactor contract in Algeria,CZEC had established a complete and adequate design standards system in compliance with the international standards,and made significant modifications to the reference reactor in the aspects of reactor power and reactor safety,solved quite some technical issues which affected the reactor technical performance.The modifications and improvements enabled the technical parameters,safety features,reactor multipurpose application to attain to the advanced level in the world.In the 300 MWe PWR NPPs in Pakistan,safety features had been updated in line with upgrading regulatory requisites.The design philosophy and technology application demonstrated CZEC's creation and innovation on basis of constant safety enhancement of nuclear power projects.Efforts had also been made by CZEC in promoting China made equipment items and components exportation.展开更多
文摘Developing sustainable and clean electrochemical energy conversion technologies is a crucial step in addressing the challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Exploring and developing new electrocatalysts with excellent performance and low cost will facilitate the commercial use of these energy conversion technologies. Recently, dual-atom catalysts(DACs) have attracted considerable research interest since they exhibit higher metal atom loading and more flexible active sites compared to single-atom catalysts(SACs). In this paper, the latest preparation methods and characterization techniques of DACs are systematically reviewed. The advantages of homonuclear and heteronuclear DACs and the catalytic mechanism and identification technologies between the two DACs are highlighted. The current applications of DACs in the field of electrocatalysis are summarized. The development opportunities and challenges of DACs in the future are prospected. The ultimate goal is to provide new ideas for the preparation of new catalysts with excellent properties by customizing diatomic catalysts for electrochemical applications.
文摘This paper analyzes the role of nuclear power of China's energy structure and industry system. Comparing with other renewable energy the nuclear power chain has very low greenhouse gas emission, so it will play more important role in China's low-carbon economy. The paper also discussed the necessity of nuclear power development to achieve emission reduction, energy structure adjustment, nuclear power safety,environmental protection, enhancement of nuclear power technology, nuclear waste treatment, and disposal, as well as nuclear power plant decommissioning. Based on the safety record and situation of the existing power plants in China, the current status of the development of world nuclear power technology, and the features of the independently designed advanced power plants in China, this paper aims to demonstrate the safety of nuclear power. A nuclear power plant will not cause harm either to the environment and nor to the public according to the real data of radioactivity release, which are obtained from an operational nuclear plant. The development of nuclear power technology can enhance the safety of nuclear power. Further, this paper discusses issues related to the nuclear fuel cycle, the treatment, and disposal strategies of nuclear waste, and the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, all of which are issues of public concern.
文摘Thorium was discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons J. Berzelius. Despite some advantages over uranium for use in nuclear reactors, its main use, in the almost two centuries since its discovery, thorium was restricted to use for gas mantles, especially in the early 20th century. In the beginning of the nuclear era, many countries had interested on thorium, particularly during the 1950-1970 period. There are about 435 nuclear reactors in the world nowadays. They need more than 65,000 tons of uranium yearly. The future world energy needs will increase and, even if we assumed a conservative contribution of nuclear generation, there will be a significant increasing in the uranium prices occur, taking into account that uranium, as used in the present thermal reactors, is a finite resource. Thorium is nearly three times more abundant than uranium in the Earth＇s crust. Despite thorium is not a fissile material, ^232Th can be converted to ^233U （fissile） more efficiently than ^238U to ^239pu. Besides this, since it is possible to convert thorium waste into non-radioactive elements, thorium is an environment-friendly alternative energy source. Thorium fuel cycle is also inherently resistant to proliferation. Some papers evaluate the thorium resources in Brazil over 1,200,000 metric t. Then, the thorium alternative must be seriously considered in Brazil for strategic reasons. In this paper a brief history of thorium is presented, besides a review of the world thorium utilization and a discussion about advantages and restrictions of thorium use.
文摘Nuclear power is a powerful and effective energy branch in Ukraine. There are currently 4 active nuclear power stations （NPS） and 13 operational VVER energy units, producing a total power of 11880 MW, in the country. According to the data collected from the International Agency of Nuclear-Power Energy, Ukraine is in seventh place for the largest supply of uranium on the planet. The use of nuclear power in Ukraine includes： extraction and processing uranium ore, production of UF6, production of zirconia rental and purveyances from a zirconia alloy, production of heat-radiating collections, storage of exhaust nuclear fuel and nuclear wastes. The realisation of uranium isotopic enrichment is the main problem in the structure of organisation in nuclear fuel production in Ukraine. This country has a unique station, non-operative Chemobyl NPS, where different types of wastes are located. Two factories are currently being built there in order to process the liquid and solid radio-active wastes. In perspective, Ukrainian nuclear-power energy will be enriched with new nuclear-power units and security systems to ensure safe manufacturing.
文摘As a main channel for the foreign economic cooperation of China nuclear industry,China Zhongyuan Engineering Corporation (CZEC) has been constantly engaged in technical modifications and management innovations in its exporting nuclear reactor projects.In the implementation of heavy water research reactor contract in Algeria,CZEC had established a complete and adequate design standards system in compliance with the international standards,and made significant modifications to the reference reactor in the aspects of reactor power and reactor safety,solved quite some technical issues which affected the reactor technical performance.The modifications and improvements enabled the technical parameters,safety features,reactor multipurpose application to attain to the advanced level in the world.In the 300 MWe PWR NPPs in Pakistan,safety features had been updated in line with upgrading regulatory requisites.The design philosophy and technology application demonstrated CZEC's creation and innovation on basis of constant safety enhancement of nuclear power projects.Efforts had also been made by CZEC in promoting China made equipment items and components exportation.
