橡胶树新种植材料——自根幼态无性系

大田试验结果表明:橡胶微繁无性系离地50 cm处平均茎围为对照(老态的供体无性系)的1303%,花药体细胞植株离地50cm处平均茎围为对照(老态的供体无性系)的109.1%～120.2%,头4 a平均单株干胶产量为对照的129.9%～146.3%,自根幼态无性系和供体无性系相比,这2个性状均达显著差异.说明橡胶自根幼态无性系是一种速生、高产的种植材料.

巴西橡胶树自根幼态无性系耐低温分析

为比较橡胶树新型种植材料——自根幼态无性系与同源老态芽接无性系的耐低温能力,本研究将1蓬叶稳定的热研7-33-97老态芽接苗和自根幼态无性系苗5℃低温处理后,测定叶片的相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,并进行叶片受害调查。结果显示,自根幼态无性系叶片相对电导率低于老态芽接苗,可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量均高于老态芽接苗。此外,对5℃处理4 d后叶片受害情况调查发现,自根幼态无性系大部分叶片未受害,而老态芽接苗叶片几乎全部干枯或脱落。因此,室内低温模拟实验表明,自根幼态无性系在耐低温能力方面较老态芽接无性系更强,这为自根幼态无性系的生产应用提供了更广阔的前景。

莲潜根线虫的入侵、根内发育和移行观察

首次报导莲潜根线虫的入侵部位、根内虫态及在根内的发育和移行过程,为探讨莲“腐败病”的病因提供了新的佐据。

Effect of Different pH-regulating Acids on Root Morphology and Yield of Lettuce in Floating Transplant System

[Objective] The aim was to investigate different effects of two pH-regulating acids on the root morphology and other physiological growth of Lactuca sativa L.in floating plug transplant system.[Method] HNO3 and H2SO4 were used to adjust pH condition of various nutrient concentrations in lettuce floating transplant system,the effect of two acid treatments on root traits of lettuce were investigated.[Result] These two acids made different effects on root system under a series of nutrient gradients.Under HNO3 treatment,the fresh weight of shoot and root were increased with growth of nutrient concentration;root preformed best when EC was 1.0 μs/cm.Under H2SO4 treatment,when EC was 0.8 μs/cm,the total root length and root surface area,projected area,root volume of lettuce were 344.8 cm,40.9 cm2,13.0 cm2,0.4 m3,respectively,which were significantly higher than those in HNO3 treatment.Compared the influences of acid treatments under same nutrient concentration,the result showed that H2SO4 treatment increased root/shoot ratio and all other root morphological characteristics;however,HNO3 treatment promoted the growth of shoot and lateral root,increased transplanting efficiency and facilitated realizing high yield after transplanted into open-field.[Conclusion] This study will provide theoretical reference for improving plug transplant technology of lettuce.

Genotypic Variation in Root Morphological Characteristics of Common Bean in Relation to Phosphorus Efficiency

Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F-9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement.

巴西橡胶树HbMET的克隆与表达分析

通过同源克隆和RACE方法获得了巴西橡胶树DNA甲基转移酶(DNA Methyltransferase,MET)基因(Hb MET)。Hb MET长4 896 bp,含有4 635 bp的阅读框架,编码1 545个氨基酸。蛋白分子量174.36 ku,等电点为6.36。氨基酸序列与可可、毛果杨、黄瓜、拟南芥、碧桃、葡萄和烟草等物种的MET家族成员的同源性分别为73%、77%、74%、56%、72%和68%。进化树分析表明,Hb MET氨基酸序列与毛果杨的MET亲缘关系最近。Hb MET在巴西橡胶树的根、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在胶乳中表达量最低;Hb MET在橡胶树自根幼态无性系的胶乳中表达比老态无性系胶乳中的表达低。

巴西橡胶树HbCMT1的克隆与表达分析

通过PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了巴西橡胶树染色质甲基化酶(CMT,chromomethylase)基因(Hb CMT1)。Hb CMT1全长2697 bp,含有2556 bp的阅读框,编码851个氨基酸。推测Hb CMT1分子量为95.67 k D,等电点为5.38,氨基酸序列与可可、烟草、葡萄、黄瓜、鹰嘴豆和拟南芥等CMT家族成员的同源性分别为66%、51%、50%、56%、53%和50%。定量PCR分析表明Hb CMT1在巴西橡胶树的根、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在叶中表达量最高,在胶乳中表达量最低。此外Hb CMT1在橡胶树自根幼态无性系胶乳中的表达量比老态无性系胶乳中的低。

Effective adsorption of sulfate ions with poly(m-phenylenediamine) in aqueous solution and its adsorption mechanism

Sulfate adsorption by poly（m-phenylenediamine）s（PmPDs） with various oxidation states synthesized through chemically oxidative polymerization was investigated.Series of sorption experiments were conducted,and the adsorption mechanism and the relationship between oxidation state and adsorption performance were studied with the characterization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,pH tracking and energy calculation.The results show that the adsorption performance in acidic solution is improved with the decrease of oxidation state of poly（m-phenylenediamine）（PmPD）.The rate constant is as high as 425.5 mg/（g·min） in the short equilibrium time of 30 min.The estimated highest adsorptivity of sulfate ions is 95.1%.According to the Langmuir equation,the adsorbance is 108.5 mg/g.The sulfate desorption efficiency is about 95% and the accumulative adsorbance is up to 487.95 mg/g in 5 cycles.

Organic Acids Secreted from Plant Roots under Soil Stress and Their Effects on Ecological Adaptability of Plants

[Objective] In this study,the secretion of organic acids from plant roots under soil nutrient and water stress and the effects of organic acids on ecological adaptability of plants were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for improving the adaptability of plants to a variety of stress conditions.The results showed that,under nutrient and water stress,the content of organic acids secreted from plant roots increased significantly as a common active adaptive response.Organic acids could improve the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes,contents of osmotic regulatory substances,contents of chlorophyll and photosynthesis levels,promote nutrient absorption and transportation in plants,and ultimately contribute to plant growth and biomass accumulation,reduce the toxicity of stress conditions to plants and improve the stress resistance and adaptability of plants.

Cell Cycle Kinetic Analysis in the Cortical Regions of the Lentil Primary Root During Germination

Cell cycle kinetic activity in the cortical cells of the lentil (Lens culinaris Me-die. cv. Verte du Puy) primary root during germination was examined both temporally and spatially. Immunohistochemical and cytological evidence indicated that DNA replication and cell division started in the cortical cells of tire lentil primary root after around 13 and 17 h of imbibition, respectively. The first cells in DNA synthesis and the First mitotic figures all appeared in the cortical cells about I mm front the root-cap junction, but these divided cells had synthesized their DNA during the maturity of seed instead of during germination. The kinetic pattern of activity of the first cell cycle showed that these cells were not activated synchronously, but re-entered the cell cycle in turn depending on their places in the root tip, However, the adjacent cells partially synchronously proceeded their cell cycle.

Effect of Nitrogen Form on the Activity of Tonoplast Pyrophosphatase in Tomato Roots

Effect of nitrate and ammonium on the activity of tonoplast pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) was investigated in the roots of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The results showed that the activity of V-PPase was increased by ammonium nutrition, compared with nitrate nutrition. The H+ transport of tonoplast vesicles by V-PPase was also stimulated by ammonium nutrition. The result of Western blot indicated that the protein amount of V-PPase was increased by ammonium nutrition.

巴西橡胶树HbDRM的克隆与表达分析

运用PCR和RACE技术从巴西橡胶树中克隆出了一个域重排甲基转移酶(Domains rearranged methyltransferase,DRM)基因(HbDRM)。HbDRM全长为2 245 bp,含有1 917 bp的阅读框,145 bp的5′-UTR和176 bp 3′-UTR,编码638个氨基酸,分子量为71.39 ku,等电点为4.90。HbDRM的氨基酸序列与可可、葡萄、黄瓜、鹰嘴豆、番茄、拟南芥DRM家族成员的同源性分别为77%、74%、72%、67%、64%和52%。定量RT-PCR分析表明HbDRM在巴西橡胶树的根、树皮、叶、花、胶乳、胚和愈伤组织中均有表达,其中在花和愈伤组织中表达量较高,在胶乳中表达量最低,此外HbDRM在橡胶树自根幼态无性系的胶乳中表达比其供体胶乳中的表达低。HbDRM的克隆和表达分析为下一步研究HbDRM在巴西橡胶树自根幼态无性系高产中的作用打下基础。

Review of Research Methods on Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） are essential functional microbiology in natural ecosystems. It is very important to research community composition and di- versity of AMF for achieving sustainable development of ecosystems. The paper described several methods of researching the diversity of AMF, especially for molecular techniques, reviewed the application status of these methods in AMF research, and pointed out that the effective combination of morphological and molecular methods could better reveal the biodiversity and ecological functions of AMF in natural ecosystems.

Eco-geochemical Characteristics of Muskmelon Root Soil in Planting Region of Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the eco-geochemical characteristics and geochemistry conditions of root soil in muskmelon planting area, evaluate the soil environment quality in Hetao irrigation area and provide scientific basis for the musmelon planting in this area. [Method] Root system soil sample and plow pan sample were collected from the main muskmelon planting area in Hetao irrigation area, so as to analyze the contents of heavy metal elements. By comparing with the Soft Environmental Quality Standard （GB15618-1995）, the research explored whether the heavy metal elements in root system met the national standard. [Result] Heavy metal elements in root system soil had the maximum content in recession area of Yellow River, followed by saline soils. The content of heavy metal elements in chestnut-brown soil was the minimum. Harmful elements As, Cd, Hg, F and Pb in anthropogenic-alluvial soil of Hetao irrigation area showed enrichment characteristics in earth surface, with zonality vertically. Trace elements Cu and Zn, and beneficial elements P, K20, CaO, MgO and Se showed depletion. In anthropogenic-aUuvial soil of Ulansuhai of the Yellow River, harmful elements As and Cd showed significant enrichment in root system soil, while other elements showed depletion or was close to background value. In soil of plow pan, both beneficial component and harmful component showed enrichment characteristics. [Conclusion] Hetao irrigation area has the ideal geochemical conditions and heavy metal elements in muskmelon area meet the national standards.

Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Ammonium Adsorption in Dryland Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing on ammonium adsorption in dryland soil. [Method] The lab simulation test was conducted to study the effect of freeze-thaw action on the total adsorbed amount of ammonium （deionized water extract） and strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium （0.01 mol/L KCl solution extract） in the dryland soil of Sanjiang Plain. [Result] Compared with linear equation, Freundlich equation could better fit the total adsorbed amount of ammonium in dryland soil （R 2 0.99, SE1.69）. The freeze-thaw action almost had no influence on the total adsorbed amount of ammonium. When the initial concentration of NH 4 ＋ increased from 0 to 200 mg/L, the total adsorbed NH 4 ＋ amount increased from -0.52 to 39.0 mg/kg under freeze-thaw treatment （FTT）, while it increased from -0.70 to 38.5 mg/kg under unfreeze-thaw treatment （UFTT）. However, the strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium presented linear relationship with the concentration of NH 4 ＋ （R 2 0.99, SE0.54）, and the strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium increased significantly by FTT. When the initial concentration of NH 4 ＋ increased from 0 to 200 mg/L, the strongly adsorbed amount increased linearly from 2.36 to 28.81 mg/kg for FTT and from -4.25 to 25.12 mg/kg for UFTT. The freezethaw action decreases the concentration of NH 4 ＋ in soil solution when the net strongly-adsorbed NH 4 ＋ in soil is zero., therefore, FTT helped to reduce the leaching of ammonium ions in soil. Freeze-thaw action mainly influenced the exchangeable adsorbed NH 4 ＋ in soil. [Conclusion] This study provides theoretical basis for preventing excessive soil nitrogen from entering into water body and controlling water entrophication.

Changes of root morphology and Pb uptake by two species of Elsholtzia under Pb toxicity

Elsholtzia argyi and Elsholtzia splendens, which are Chinese endemic Pb/Zn mined and Cu mined ecotype respec- tively, were investigated on the aspect of their response to Pb toxicity in the presence or absence of EDTA addition. After 8 d’s Pb treatment, root length, root surface area and root volume of E. splendens decreased much more than those of E. argyi, and reduced considerably with increase of Pb, while no marked change was noted for root average diameter. Compared to E. argyi, length of root with diameter (D)<0.2 mm was significantly reduced for E. splendens as Pb increased. D<0.1 mm E. splendens root had cross-sectional surface area at Pb≥10 mg/L, while for E. argyi, it was at Pb≥25 mg/L. With increase of Pb, DW of E. splendens decreased much more than that of E. argyi. E. argyi exhibited much more tolerance to Pb toxicity than E. splendens. Treatment with 100 mg/L Pb plus 50 mmol/L EDTA significantly decreased the length and surface area of D≤0.2 mm root, increased the length and surface area of 0.2≤D≤0.8 mm root for the case of E. argyi, while for E. splendens, length and surface area of D<0.6 mm root reduced, as compared to 100 mg/L Pb treatment, alone. At 100 mg/L Pb, shoot Pb accumulation in E. splendens and E. argyi were 27.9 and 89.0 μg/plant DW respectively, and much more Pb was uptaken by the root and translocated to the stem of E. argyi as compared to E. splendens. Treatment of the plant with 100 mg/L Pb plus 50 mmol/L EDTA increased leaf Pb accumulation from 16.8 to 84.9 g/plant for E.splendens and from 18.8 to 52.5 g/plant for E. argyi, while both root and stem Pb pronouncedly reduced for both Elsholtzia species. The increased translocation of Pb to the leaf of E. splendens being than that of E. argyi after treatment with 100 mg/L Pb plus 50 mmol/L EDTA should be further investigated.

Study on Relationship of Root Morphological Characters and Biomass of Cupressus lusitanica in Different Age Classes

[Objective] The aim was to explore biomass and growth of Cupressus lusitanica seedlings in order to provide technological supports for afforestation. [Method] The introduced Cupressus lusitanica seedlings at different ages were re- searched to explore biomass （ground or underground） morphological shape, surface area and volume of a root system. [Result] As age grew, plant height and ground diameter increased significantly, varying dramatically upon seed provenance, and root-canopy ratio, root length, surface area and volume of seedlings were increas- ing. Specifically, seedlings at two-year-old and three-year-old kept a stable growth; moderate and big roots took higher proportions in a root system; underground parts for a plant required more photosynthetic products; root systems of young seedlings grew to moderate and big roots. [Conclusion] Ground biomass is of correlation with root system indices and the morphological characteristics of root systems are close to biomass. The accumulation capacity of biomass differed for seedlings from differ- ent provenances, even in the same environment and at the same time.

Dynamics of Soil CO_2 Profiles of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis Seedlings Under CO_2 Concentration Doubled

The gas_well system permanently installed in the soil was adopted for studying the dynamic relationship between CO 2 profiles and seedling root growth of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu. The study was conducted in the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecological System, The Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1999 to 2001. Four treatments were arranged in the rectangular open_top chambers (OTCs): ambient CO 2+no_seedling, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+no_seedling, ambient CO 2 +seedlings, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+seedlings. By collecting and analyzing soil gas synchronously, it was found that the dynamics of CO 2 profiles were related to the biological activity of seedlings. There were more roots distributed in the top soil and the boundary layer across soil and sand, which made more contributions to the CO 2 profiles due to respiration root. Compared with the ambient CO 2, elevated CO 2 led to the peak of CO 2 concentration distribution shifted from soil surface layer to the boundary layer as seasonally growing of seedling roots. It is suggested the gas_well system is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive method for study of soil CO 2 concentration profiles.

Hot Issues in and Directions for Plant Root Research in Ecological Remediation

The mining activities destroy the natural vegetation and the land, pollute the environment in many aspects, and more and more attention has been paid to the ecological restoration in the mining area. Phytoremediation is the greenest tech- nical means of ecological restoration and reconstruction in the mining area. The root system is a direct organ that absorbs nutrients and water dudng phytoremediation, which is of great significance to ecological restoration. In order to explore the hot issues of plant root system in phytoremediation, the current situation of root system under the stress of heavy metal pollution and drought stress and geotechnical stress was reviewed, and the improvement effect of root exudates on rhizosphere environment was briefly introduced. The future direction of root system in ecological restoration and environmental protection was proposed on the basis of the existing research and existing problems.

Root Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Two Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.