The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In th...The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In this paper, I explore the disconnection between the martial arts and posit that martial art is an oxymoron as described by Michel de Certeau. As an alternative to the oxymoronic use of martial art, I examine two conceptions of practice： the first advanced by Alasdair Maclntyre and applied to martial arts by Charles Hackney; the second advanced by Todd May and amended with ideas from Noel Carroll. The latter conception of practice begins to establish a new way to consider the relationships among the combative styles and how these can be incorporated into the term martial arts, thereby quelling the disconnection between the term and the styles.展开更多
This paper believes that serious flaws exist in Wang Xiaolu＇s calculation of grey income in China for the following reasons.＂ （1） It is not sound methodology to match households with different income levels by usi...This paper believes that serious flaws exist in Wang Xiaolu＇s calculation of grey income in China for the following reasons.＂ （1） It is not sound methodology to match households with different income levels by using Engel coefficients; （2） The way Wang collected data cannot make up for statistical distortion in the National Bureau of Statistics＇ data; （3） Wang did not provide reasonable explanations for both the income inequality as derived from the estimated income groups and the change in income inequality between the two years he compared,＂ （4）Wang＇s calculation of grey income lacks a basic logical foundation.展开更多
文摘The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In this paper, I explore the disconnection between the martial arts and posit that martial art is an oxymoron as described by Michel de Certeau. As an alternative to the oxymoronic use of martial art, I examine two conceptions of practice： the first advanced by Alasdair Maclntyre and applied to martial arts by Charles Hackney; the second advanced by Todd May and amended with ideas from Noel Carroll. The latter conception of practice begins to establish a new way to consider the relationships among the combative styles and how these can be incorporated into the term martial arts, thereby quelling the disconnection between the term and the styles.
文摘This paper believes that serious flaws exist in Wang Xiaolu＇s calculation of grey income in China for the following reasons.＂ （1） It is not sound methodology to match households with different income levels by using Engel coefficients; （2） The way Wang collected data cannot make up for statistical distortion in the National Bureau of Statistics＇ data; （3） Wang did not provide reasonable explanations for both the income inequality as derived from the estimated income groups and the change in income inequality between the two years he compared,＂ （4）Wang＇s calculation of grey income lacks a basic logical foundation.
