Analysis on the Temporal and Spatial Change of Grain Production of China in Recent Years and Its Adaptation Strategies

A comprehensive analysis on the change of the total grain production and the temporal and spatial change of three main crops production（including wheat,maize and rice）,as well as the transfer trace of the center gravity of grain production in China were analyzed to reveal the overall developing trend of the grain production,explore the reasons and finally propose the corresponding suggestions and strategies to cope with the situation.

Pattern Change and Regional Disparity Tendency of Cultivated Land Use in Jiangsu Province

The study has examined the tempo-spatial patterns of cultivated land use change in Jiangsu province. A principal component analysis （PCA） of 18 selected indicators of cultivated land use during the period 1970-2010 identified 2 main pat- terns of change in planting productivity and economic efficiency. A major shift from production-centered pattern to profit-oriented one occurred in 1984, the time of grain yield surplus and the mitigation of population pressure. In response to the impending Opened Market System, there was a notable tendency of higher efficiency and less productivity since 1997, as well as remarkable regional disparity of cultivated land use change spatially. It revealed a relative decrease in grain cropping share, crop- ping scale and cultivation intensity in South Jiangsu, especially in Tai-Lake region, and the reverse in North Jiangsu. Some suggestions for the future were finally dis- cussed from the above findings.

Housing pattern and food habit of the Mro-tribe community in Bang-ladesh: A forest dependence perspective

An exploratory study was conducted on the housing pattern and food habit of the Mro tribe in Bandarban region, Bangladesh, highlighting their indigenous knowledge. The study was carried out with respect to three income groups. A total of 36 households (12 from each income groups) were assessed using different participatory appraisals through semi-structured questionnaires. A special type of indigenous knowledge on housing pattern and food habit was explored in the Mro community, which correspond to the severe dependence on forest resources.

Transepithelial leak in Barrett's esophagus patients: The role of proton pump inhibitors

AIM： To determine if the observed paracellular sucrose leak in Barrett＇s esophagus patients is due to their pro- ton pump inhibitor （PPI） use. METHODS： The in vivo sucrose permeability test was administered to healthy controls, to Barrett＇s patients and to non-Barrett＇s patients on continuous PPI thera- py. Degree of leak was tested for correlation with pres- ence of Barrett＇s, use of PPIs, and length of Barrett＇s segment and duration of PPI use. RESULTS： Barrett＇s patients manifested a near 3-fold greater, upper gastrointestinal sucrose leak than healthy controls. A decrease of sucrose leak was ob- served in Barrett＇s patients who ceased PPI use for 7 d.Although initial introduction of PPI use （in a PPI-na＇ive population） results in dramatic increase in sucrose leak, long-term, continuous PPI use manifested a slow spon- taneous decline in leak. The sucrose leak observed in Barrett＇s patients showed no correlation to the amount of Barrett＇s tissue present in the esophagus. CONCLUSION： Although future research is needed to determine the degree of paracellular leak in actual Barrett＇s mucosa, the relatively high degree of leak ob- served with in vivo sucrose permeability measurement of Barrett＇s patients reflects their PPI use and not their Barrett＇s tissue perse.

Economics of Nitrogen Use in Cereal Systems in South and East Asia

A literature survey and focused interviews with experienced agronomists and socio-economists from south, east, and southeast Asian countries were conducted to determine physical and economic relationships of cereal yields and N use, using partial factor productivity （PFP） and nitrogen （N） response functions, while considering the impacts of （N） and crop grain prices. The data were drawn from FAOSTAT, World Bank, and survey results from those countries. Rice has the greatest PFP-N （70 kg grain kg^-1 N）, wheat a moderate （57 kg grain kg^-1 N）, and maize the lowest PFP-N （52 kg grain kg^-1 N） at current application levels. At potential optimal N use rates, estimates for PFP-N were 26 kg grain kg^-1 N for maize, 25 kg for rice and 16 kg for wheat. Assuming a constant average PFP-N （30 kg grain kg^-1 N） for these cereals, it is estimated that 13 Mt N would be needed to meet a projected food demand by 2020 assuming no use of other additional inputs. Assuming a 20% increase in nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） to 36 kg grain kgl N, 10.6 Mt would be needed to meet the food demand, implying an annual growth rate in N use of 1.25%. It is concluded that economically optimal N rates are relatively insensitive to changes in prices of N and cereal grain. Key interventions to improve sustainable food security include increasing N fertilizer use, improving NUE, and reducing environmental impacts.

Soaring Grain Prices Raise Global Concerns

Grain prices often dominate all other product prices,and an increase in their price is usually considered as a prelude to inflation.The three fairly serious inflations,in 1985,1988-1989,and 1993-1995 respectively,were all preceded by grain price hikes.Furthermore,the money supply surged in the preceding year or during the same year in which these inflations occurred.This year has witnessed the same symptoms. High grain prices,which still have a possibility to go up further,have attracted wide attention across the world,including in China.As early as the end of last year,the State Council issued a circular that mandated the stabilization of grain prices in order to strictly crack down on illegal actions such as dishonest merchants driving up grain prices.One time,five State-level Departments led by National Development and Reform Commission,released an urgent announcement in order to safeguard the stability of grain prices in the domestic market.Wu Xiaoling,Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China,said that the negative influences exerted on other product prices by the rise in global grain price should not be ignored.According to Wu,the People's Bank of China will continue to closely watch the price changes. From a global and comprehensive viewpoint,the article analyzes the features of the recent grain price hike and the reasons for its dramatic rise,as well as,the impact it will have on the global economy.

Food Crises and Market Mechanisms

Since the 1950s, there have been several food crises with severe humanitarian, economic, political and market-related consequences. In the last decade, food crises occurred during 2007-2008 and again in 2010-2011. In the paper, the main explanations for the food crises are discussed with a focus on the 2007-2008 food crisis, and the main causes are divided into temporary/random and structural/long term and are listed. Although there are a large number of factors, the size of reserves, speculation and bioenergy seem to be significant causes of the rapidly increasing food prices which were a major cause of the food crisis. The consequences of the food crisis in 2007-2008 in particular are discussed, and some major lessons learnt are listed. Also, the present market situation is assessed, the conclusion of which is that there does not seem to be an immediate risk of another food crisis occurring in the short term. However, international cereal reserves are still vulnerable and lower compared to the level in the 1990s.

Endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus

The Prague C and M Criteria have been developed for the objective endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus(BE).BE arises between the squamocolumnar junction and the gastroesophageal junction at the proximal margin of the gastric folds.In this study,we reported that 43.0% of the subjects examined were diagnosed with BE based on the Prague C and M Criteria.Previous criticism by John Dent proposed that our data should be considered invalid because the prevalence of BE reported in our study was extraordinarily high and discordant with previous studies.Dent predicted that the position of the gastroesophageal junction in our study was judged to be lower than the actual position due to the effacement of the proximal ends of the gastric folds because of the routine use of a high degree of air distension during typical Japanese endoscopic examinations.The endoscopic evaluation of the superior gastric folds is certainly influenced by the degree of air distension of the esophagus.However,in our study,the proximal limit of the gastric mucosal folds was prospectively imaged while the oesophagus was minimally insufflated.Then,under a high level of air distension,the distal ends of the palisade-shaped longitudinal vessels were imaged because they are more easily observed when distended.In the majority of patients,the distal ends of the palisade-shaped longitudinal vessels correspond to the proximal limit of the gastric mucosal folds.Our endoscopic evaluation was appropriately performed according to the Prague C and M Criteria.We suspect that the high prevalence of BE in our study may be due to the inclusion of ultrashort-segment BE,which defines BE with an affected mucosal length under 5 mm,in our positive results.

提出大职业教育主义征求同志意见

我们同志八九年来所做工作.推广职业学校.改良职业学校.提倡职业补习教育等等.也算『尽心力而为之』了.可是我们所希望.百分之七八十没有达到.这是什么缘故呢.国事捣乱.教育当然不发达.不差.社会经济困难.职业教育当然不发达.不差.一般教育不发达.职业教育当然不发达.也不差.可是平心想来.

Homemade versus Commercial Jarred Baby Foods with Regard to Nitrites and Nitrates Content

This paper presents results of nitrites and nitrates determination in two types of baby foods： commercial products in jars and their homemade conventional counterparts. Nitrites levels in all analyzed samples were below of the detection limit （〈 0.9 mg/kg） of applied spectrophotometric method with Griess reagent. Nitrates contents in commercial products ranged： 9.1-38.1 mg/kg while in homemade baby foods levels between 26.6 mg/kg and 118.8 mg/kg were obtained. All the contents of nitrates were lower than the EU legislation maximum limit （200 mg/kg）. Comparison of each type of commercial product with its homemade counterpart baby food evidenced significant differences （p 〈 0.05） in average nitrates levels in favor of the first type. Apart from determining and comparing the levels of nitrates in the baby food samples also risk assessment for an average 6-months old infant to nitrates exposure was conducted. The estimated nitrates intake with a typical portion of 200g of baby food ranged between 6% and 25.7% of acceptable daily intake for commercial and from 18.0% to 80.3% for homemade ones.

The impacts of biofuels on food security and supply in China

Biofuels are the current promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, the fluctuating food prices caused by oil price led to critics to biofuels. The paper surveyed biofuels production and grain production and consumption demand, and come to the conclusion that there was a little impact of corn ethanol on international food price, and there was no impact on China’s food prices. China has launched non-food biofuels development strategy to use marginal lands for growing hard crops, such as sweet sorghum, tuber crops, and switchgrass etc. to produce biofuels without any impact on food security in the future.

Grain Macro-Control Mechanism Research

this paper based on the food security, the food the macroeconomic regulation and control of the operation mechanism of the general theory, focus on the China＇s grain macroeconomic regulation and control mechanism, the concept of grain macroeconomic regulation and control mechanism, the grain circulation macroeconomic regulation and control tool application, grain circulation macroeconomic regulation and control system, the problem of grain circulation system, food price formation mechanism. Through the research set up grain control of the operation mechanism of general theory.

Changes in Grain Production and the Optimal Spatial Allocation of Water Resources in China

Changes in grain production are decomposed and compared among nine major Chinese river basins for the sake of optimal water allocation. The results show that water-deficient northern China, especially the Songliao River Basin and Huai River Basin, contributed the greatest share of the total grain increment from 1995 to 2010. The Songliao River Basin achieved increased grain output largely by expanding multiple cropping, while the Huai River Basin achieved it mainly by improving the yield per unit area. With increased reliance on expanding irrigation and multi-cropping, most northern basins have high levels of agricultural water consumption, despite the rising share of corn, a lower water intensive crop. In contrast, over the same period the warm and humid south, traditionally a major rice-growing area, mostly experienced a sharp decline in rice cropping area and the Southeast Rivers Basin even reduced multiple cropping indexes, contributing to decreased agricultural water consumption. Implications of our findings and the need for tackling the imbalance of agricultural water use in grain production are discussed.

Grain Production Driven by Variations in Farmland Use in China:An Analysis of Security Patterns

自从1978年改革开放以来,随着经济的迅速发展,中国的耕地利用格局发生了很大的变化。耕地数量和质量的变化直接导致粮食生产的变动。本文利用来自政府部门的农业统计数据,分析了1978-2004年间中国耕地利用水平的时空动态格局,并通过构建"粮耕弹性系数"来反映耕地利用变化与粮食生产的互动关系。研究结果表明:耕地投入的增加和质量的提升在一定程度上缓解了1978年以来我国耕地资源严重流失给粮食生产安全带来的压力;自改革开放以来,中国耕地利用水平呈现由经济快速发展带来的普遍性提升局面,并随着经济发展程度由东南沿海向内陆递减,耕地利用水平的提升速率也呈现由东南沿海向内陆梯级递减态势。然而,耕地集约利用程度的不断提升,并不一定会带来粮食产量的持续稳定增长。耕地集约利用增长的边际效用递减特性,使得中国粮食生产安全的保障已逐步由耕地集约利用水平的提升转向了耕地面积的保护,由此导致耕地资源的数量成为了左右粮食生产安全的关键,这也为当今中国制定严格的耕地保护目标和战略提供了现实的科学依据。

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Grain Crops in the West Liaohe River Basin

Here,we quantitatively determine temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of main grain crops in the West Liaohe River basin,Inner Mongolia,China,from 2000 to 2010 based on MODIS remote sensing data and NDVI time series information for the years 2000,2005 and 2010.Phenological calendars and a decisionmaking tree extraction model were also used to obtain spatial distribution information of spring maize,spring wheat and soybean.We found that in 2010,the sown area of the main grain crops in the West Liaohe River basin was 11 965.08km2,of which,the sown area for spring maize accounted for 92.28%and was concentrated in the lower reaches of the region.Spring wheat accounted for 3.14% and was mainly in the middle reaches.Soybean accounted for 4.58% and was predominantly in the upper reaches.From 2000 to 2005,the sown area of these grain crops in the West Liaohe River basin grew by 29.77%,mainly in the lower reaches： spring maize grew by 38.99%,spring wheat by 39.04% and soybean by 21.27%.From 2005 to 2010,growth in the sown area of these crops was slow（5.18% growth） and mainly in the lower reaches of the basin.The sown area of spring maize increased,but decreased for both spring wheat and soybean.

Changes in China’s Grain Production Pattern and the Effects of Urbanization and Dietary Structure

Grain production patterns are the basis of a nation’s food security.Since China’s reform and opening-up began in 1978,China’s urbanization process,driven by rapid social and economic development,has accelerated steadily.During this time,the dietary structure of urban and rural Chinese has also changed significantly.Accordingly,grain production patterns have undergone major changes.First,traditional grain production patterns in the north and the south have changed,and the food production center has shifted toward the north.In 1980,the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 60%of China’s total,while that of northern provinces accounted for 40%.In 2015,the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 56%of the total,while that of northern provinces accounted for 44%.Second,grain production by regions of the country is“shrinking in the east but expanding in the central regions,”meaning that grain production in eastern coastal provinces has decreased significantly,while that in the central region has expanded.The proportions of the nation’s total grain production from the eastern,central and western regions were 38%,36%and 26%,respectively,in 1980.These had changed to 27%,46%,and 27%,respectively,in 2015.Third,the spatial centralization of grain production has increased.The total grain yield of 13 major grain-producing provinces and regions in the country accounted for 69.27%of nation’s total in 1980,and it had reached 76.18%in 2015,showing that the impact of major grain-producing areas on national food security has increased.The influence of rapid urbanization on grain production areas shows remarkable regional differences.As the level of urbanization has increased,build-up land occupies a large number of high-quality farmland,especially in east coastal provinces and thus the grain planting area decreased obviously.The effect of dietary structure changes on grain production patterns was evident in two ways.On the one hand,as dietary diversity has increased,total grain consumption has decreased.The reduction in the proportion of planting area for grain crops to total crop planting area dropped from 82%in 1980 to 68%in 2015,making this change in total grain consumption evident.On the other hand,the ratio of grain for human consumption declined as the ratio of grain consumed by animals increased.The reduction in the proportion of rice and wheat grown and an increase in the proportion of feed grain production(mostly maize)from 20%in the 1980s to 36%in 2015 makes this change in grain production and consumption evident.In the future,with the establishment of national functional areas for grain production,the spatial pattern of grain production will return,while the demand for feed grains will continue to increase but with the space for expansion limited.

Stochastic rules for predator and prey hunting and escape behavior in a lattice-based model

Understanding of ecosystem resilience and stability requires comprehending predator- prey dynamics because ecosystems consist of dynamically interacting subsystems that include predator-prey relationships. This relationship is closely related to the hunting- escaping strategies employed by the predator and prey. Therefore, understanding the effects of hunting and escaping strategies on ecosystems will lead to a better under- standing of these systems. As an approach for describing the predator-prey interaction, lattice-based models have been adopted because this approach has strong advantages for simulating various dynamical processes of individual-individual interaction. In the models, each lattice cell is either considered as an attractive/repulsive cell, or an indi- vidual cell, or else it is empty. The attractive （or repulsive cell） can be interpreted as the prey （or predator） of the individual. These states allow us to incorporate the ecological processes of local antagonistic interactions, namely the spread of disturbances （by the predator） and regrowth or recovery （by the prey）. These processes are directly related to the strategic behavior of individuals, such as hunting and escaping. In this study, we suggest a simple and effective mapping formula as a stochastic rule to describe the hunt- ing and escaping behavior. This formula could be widely used not only in the behavior but also in competitive and cooperative relationships.

美时每客 送上门的香浓

美时每客在网上晒自己的蛋糕，你若垂涎三尺，点击鼠标或者拿起电话，六个小时后，美味的蛋糕就送到你宅中。

Positivity and boundedness preserving schemes for the fractional reaction-difusion equation

In this paper, we design a semi-implicit scheme for the scalar time fractional reaction-diffusion equation. We theoretically prove that the numerical scheme is stable without the restriction on the ratio of the time and space stepsizes, and numerically show that the convergence orders are 1 in time and 2 in space. As a concrete model, the subdiffusive predator-prey system is discussed in detail. First, we prove that the analytical solution to the system is positive and bounded. Then, we use the provided numerical scheme to solve the subdiffusive predator-prey system, and theoretically prove and numerically verify that the numerical scheme preserves the positivity and boundedness.

Tissue engineered esophagus by copper——small intestinal submucosa graft for esophageal repair in a canine model

Acellular porcine small intestinal submucosa(SIS)has been used for esophagoplasty with success in a canine model.However,it did not lead to complete epithelialization.For better reconstruction,a cellular component is required.Moreover,promotion of angiogenesis with copper has been widely recognized by basic research as well as clinical studies.In this study,we have evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of combined Cu and SIS(SIS-Cu patch)for the esophageal repair using a canine model.Eighteen male beagle dogs were subjected to surgical resection to produce cervical esophageal defects(5 cm in length,180°in range).SIS with Cu(5 or 25μmol L 1copper)or without Cu was patched on the esophageal defects.Barium esophagram and histology exam were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy.As shown,the SIS-Cu graft promoted re-epithelialization,re-vascularization and muscular regeneration.SIS-Cu patch is more effective than SIS alone for esophageal repair,and the SIS+25μmol L 1Cu group demonstrated additional advantages over the SIS+5μmol L 1Cu.