WTO争端解决中的案例法方法

判例法这一用语在不同的语境下具有不同的含义。判例法是普通法法律制度中的一种传统,该传统是经由长期的司法实践形成的,而非来自于立法的强制性要求。严格意义上,判例法的突出特点是遵循先例,案件相同裁决相同。在一般意义上,判例法具有指导作用。在WTO争端解决中,无论是上诉机构的观点,还是上诉机构和专家组的实际做法,都体现出明显的案例法的指导作用的特点。与普通法制度不同的是,WTO的案例都是依据WTO规则的解释形成的,并非独立于WTO协定的法律渊源。

Scientific Software Installation Testing Using a Plan-Do-Check-Act Methodology： A Case Study

The scientific software installation testing has a main goal： Evaluate if the software meets its requirements and specifications. In this paper, the scientific software installation in six machines is evaluated. The software installation was tested using a PDCA （Plan-Do-Check-Act） approach in 3 machines and were compared with other 3 machines which were installed exclusively based in the installer experience. The software installed on the machines using a PDCA approach for testing, lead to the expected results. Scientific software installation should be tested during the installation and not as a final test. A methodology based on PDCA is recommended for testing scientific software.