Objectives: To understand trends and epidemiological featuresof syphilis over the recent years in China and provide a scien-tific basis for developing prevention strategies. Methods: From 1985 to 2000, syphilis case-r...Objectives: To understand trends and epidemiological featuresof syphilis over the recent years in China and provide a scien-tific basis for developing prevention strategies. Methods: From 1985 to 2000, syphilis case-reporting datacollected from all provinces, autonomous regions and munici-palities were analyzed by applying epidemiological methods. Results: (1) Epidemic trends: syphilis incidence has steadilyrisen in China from 1985 to 2000, especially after 1993, when itassumed an exponential growth pattern. 80,406 cases of syphi-lis were reported in the country in 1999, which was almost 40times the number reported in 1993. During the period of1993-1999, the annual average growth of the syphilis incidencerate was 83.55%. Perhaps due to a recent national law en-forcement campaign, the number of reported syphilis casesdropped slightly in 2000. (2) Geographical distribution: Syphi-lis spread from coastal, 'open' cities (especially some cities inFujian province) to inland urban areas, then to rural areas.Regions with a high incidence rate of syphilis in China were theMinjiang, Yangtze, and Zhujiang River Deltas, Beijing andTianjin municipalities, and Northeast China. There was a sig-nificant difference of syphilis incidence rates and growth ratesbetween these areas. A serious epidemic occurred in some ar-eas, with an incidence rate reaching over 200 cases out of100,000. (3) Population distribution: the ratio of male and fe-male cases gradually changed from 1.57:1 in 1993 to 1.02:1 in2000. The rate was the highest in the 20-29 age group and thelowest in 10-14 age group. A great difference existed in preva-lence between different population groups and different areas,and some areas with serious epidemics had high prevalencerates even amoung the general population. (4) Clinical stage ofsyphilis: Primary and secondary syphilis cases have beendominating with a percentage of 90% of all syphilis cases. Pri-mary syphilis was the most common in males and secondarysyphilis in females. Secondary and latent syphilis cases in fe-males were more than in males. (5) The congenital syphilisincidence has increased dramatically. Two cases were reportedin 1991 and 468 cases in 2000. Conclusion: The syphilis epidemic in China became muchmore severe between 1985 and 2000, and such increasingtrends deserve our serious attention.展开更多
Objective： To evaluate the clinical value of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） in the diagnosis of primary syphilis. Methods： 68 swab specimens were collected from patients suspected of i...Objective： To evaluate the clinical value of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） in the diagnosis of primary syphilis. Methods： 68 swab specimens were collected from patients suspected of infecttion with primary syphilis attending two STD clinics （Guangzhou Institute of Dermatovenerology and the First People＇s Hospital of Guangzhou city）, from September 1998 to December 2000. Analysis： by FQ-PCR, darkfield microscopy （D-F） for Treponema pallidum （TP）, and serologic testing for syphilis （STS）. Results： Of 68 patients, 30 （44.12%） were positive for TP by QF-PCR assay, 19 （27.94%） were positive for TP by D-F, 33 （48.53%） were positive for TP-IgG antibody by RPR, and 42 （61.76%） were positive for TP-IgG antibody by TPHA. There are significant differences in detection between D-F and TPHA （P〈0.05）, but there is no difference with RPR （P〉0.1）. Conclusion： This data shows that QF-PCR is a convenient, reliable and rapid method for diagnosis of primary syphilis, and may be an effective clinical assay in the detection of TP.展开更多
Syphilis is a focal point in prevention and control of STDs. Syplhilis now presents different epidemiological and clinical features to the past, and the syphilis epidemic is not serious as previously - late syphilis a...Syphilis is a focal point in prevention and control of STDs. Syplhilis now presents different epidemiological and clinical features to the past, and the syphilis epidemic is not serious as previously - late syphilis and congenital syphilis being relatively rare in the whole country. The clinical features of skin lesions in primary and secondary syphilis have not changed substantially but the proportion of various types of lesions is different to the past. As syphilis has not been present in China for more than 15 years, some young medical workers have no experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. They often misdiagnose or miss diagnosis. These medical workers need better knowledge and treatment skills. In order to control syphilis as soon as possible through early diagnosis and treatment, this article gives an introduction to this issue for colleagues by way of a comparison of the past status and the present.展开更多
Settling particulate matter(SPM) is widely used to describe the sedimentary environment.We have investigated here the SPM collected with a time-series sediment trap in the Heini Bay,Weihai,Shandong Peninsula,China,dur...Settling particulate matter(SPM) is widely used to describe the sedimentary environment.We have investigated here the SPM collected with a time-series sediment trap in the Heini Bay,Weihai,Shandong Peninsula,China,during the super typhoon Muifa(August 2011,maximum wind speed 55 m/s).Meteorological and hydrological parameters were measured for 18 days.By analyzing the particle flux,grain size,and loss-on-ignition(organic matter content) of SPM we found dramatic changes in these parameters,induced by typhoon Muifa for about 6 days.With the arrival of typhoon,the daily SPM fluxes increased sharply to the maximum at 76.4 g/(m^2·d) on the first day and this increase is about 9 times of the normal value,and after 6 days the SPM decreased to the normal value gradually.Other parameters,such as grain size of SPM and organic matter also experienced similar changes.Using these SPM parameters,we divided the settling progress by cluster analysis into three phases:strong(for 3 days),weak(for 3 days),and zero typhoon impact.展开更多
In this paper,the synoptic-climatology of Meiyn in East Asia is discussed.It is proposed that the location of the rain band of Meiyu is stable from the viewpoint of climatology,even though the active （wet） and break...In this paper,the synoptic-climatology of Meiyn in East Asia is discussed.It is proposed that the location of the rain band of Meiyu is stable from the viewpoint of climatology,even though the active （wet） and break （dry） Meiyu are influenced by synoptic systems.The duration and the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu exhibit tremendous interannual variabilities,and thus,they are almost unpredictable in seasonal climate prediction.The Meiyu has been used as a synoptic concept and applied to the operational forecast for many decades by meteorological agencies in East Asian countries.As a result,the prediction of the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu has become an important operational work for meteorological services.This has also misled the public＇s and scientists＇ attention.The northward propagation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） surge associated with the intraseasonal oscillation is closely related to the active and break Meiyu.The activities and propagation of the EASM surge modulate the active/break Meiyu that cause concentrative severe precipitation processes and floods or droughts; hence,the authors suggest changing the current forecasting methodology of Meiyu.It is more meaningful from the scientific as well as application viewpoints to establish the monitoring and forecasting of the EASM surge to replace the current operational forecast of Meiyu after the seasonal progress enters the climatological Meiyu period in a year.展开更多
Seismic attributes, such as P- and S-wave velocity, Poisson＇s ratio, and acoustic impedances, all generally can be used for distinguishing different rock types. The nonuniqueness can be largely reduced using Lame imp...Seismic attributes, such as P- and S-wave velocity, Poisson＇s ratio, and acoustic impedances, all generally can be used for distinguishing different rock types. The nonuniqueness can be largely reduced using Lame impedances instead of acoustic impedances as additional constraints. We have followed this method to constitute a petrologic composition model of the upper crust in the Bohai Bay basin, China. We briefly review the seismic parameters used for discrimination of rock types and focus our attention on the sensitivity of different combinations of parameters to determine the composition of materials. Corrections for pressure and temperature are performed in order to compare elastic wave velocities and densities measured at room temperature and surface pressure in laboratory with those for representative rock parameters. In a second step, we find the rock classes in the tested area by contrasting known data to laboratory measurements on a variety of rock samples extracted in the area. The basic field data are P-wave velocity values collected along a seismic profile conducted in the Bozhong Depression. The different rock types belonging to a particular rock class are finally constrained by the seismic velocities, Poisson＇s ratio, density, acoustic impedance, and Lame imoedance related to the topmost 10 km of the Bohai Bav crust.展开更多
Extensive bleaching of Montastrea annularis spp. group and several other scleractinian taxa occurred on the reefs within the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park of Cozumel, Mexico, after the passage of Hurricane/Tropic...Extensive bleaching of Montastrea annularis spp. group and several other scleractinian taxa occurred on the reefs within the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park of Cozumel, Mexico, after the passage of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Rina. We conducted six drift dives at five different dive sites （-13 h of scuba diving） and photographed a variety of reefs scenes at depths of 10-28 m. Bleaching was noted at depths of 10-40 m in a variety of scleractinian species, including M. annularis species group, especially M. faveolata and Siderastrea siderea. Considering that local dive guides had not observed bleaching prior to the storm and the sea surface temperature did not exceed the local bleaching threshold, it is probable that the extensive rainfall associated with Hurricane/Tropical Storm Rina lowered salinity sufficiently via subsurface freshwater springs to cause bleaching in susceptible species. This suggests the need to monitor not only subsurface sea temperature but also subsurface salinity in localities where freshwater springs occur adjacent to or within coral reefs.展开更多
文摘Objectives: To understand trends and epidemiological featuresof syphilis over the recent years in China and provide a scien-tific basis for developing prevention strategies. Methods: From 1985 to 2000, syphilis case-reporting datacollected from all provinces, autonomous regions and munici-palities were analyzed by applying epidemiological methods. Results: (1) Epidemic trends: syphilis incidence has steadilyrisen in China from 1985 to 2000, especially after 1993, when itassumed an exponential growth pattern. 80,406 cases of syphi-lis were reported in the country in 1999, which was almost 40times the number reported in 1993. During the period of1993-1999, the annual average growth of the syphilis incidencerate was 83.55%. Perhaps due to a recent national law en-forcement campaign, the number of reported syphilis casesdropped slightly in 2000. (2) Geographical distribution: Syphi-lis spread from coastal, 'open' cities (especially some cities inFujian province) to inland urban areas, then to rural areas.Regions with a high incidence rate of syphilis in China were theMinjiang, Yangtze, and Zhujiang River Deltas, Beijing andTianjin municipalities, and Northeast China. There was a sig-nificant difference of syphilis incidence rates and growth ratesbetween these areas. A serious epidemic occurred in some ar-eas, with an incidence rate reaching over 200 cases out of100,000. (3) Population distribution: the ratio of male and fe-male cases gradually changed from 1.57:1 in 1993 to 1.02:1 in2000. The rate was the highest in the 20-29 age group and thelowest in 10-14 age group. A great difference existed in preva-lence between different population groups and different areas,and some areas with serious epidemics had high prevalencerates even amoung the general population. (4) Clinical stage ofsyphilis: Primary and secondary syphilis cases have beendominating with a percentage of 90% of all syphilis cases. Pri-mary syphilis was the most common in males and secondarysyphilis in females. Secondary and latent syphilis cases in fe-males were more than in males. (5) The congenital syphilisincidence has increased dramatically. Two cases were reportedin 1991 and 468 cases in 2000. Conclusion: The syphilis epidemic in China became muchmore severe between 1985 and 2000, and such increasingtrends deserve our serious attention.
文摘Objective： To evaluate the clinical value of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） in the diagnosis of primary syphilis. Methods： 68 swab specimens were collected from patients suspected of infecttion with primary syphilis attending two STD clinics （Guangzhou Institute of Dermatovenerology and the First People＇s Hospital of Guangzhou city）, from September 1998 to December 2000. Analysis： by FQ-PCR, darkfield microscopy （D-F） for Treponema pallidum （TP）, and serologic testing for syphilis （STS）. Results： Of 68 patients, 30 （44.12%） were positive for TP by QF-PCR assay, 19 （27.94%） were positive for TP by D-F, 33 （48.53%） were positive for TP-IgG antibody by RPR, and 42 （61.76%） were positive for TP-IgG antibody by TPHA. There are significant differences in detection between D-F and TPHA （P〈0.05）, but there is no difference with RPR （P〉0.1）. Conclusion： This data shows that QF-PCR is a convenient, reliable and rapid method for diagnosis of primary syphilis, and may be an effective clinical assay in the detection of TP.
文摘Syphilis is a focal point in prevention and control of STDs. Syplhilis now presents different epidemiological and clinical features to the past, and the syphilis epidemic is not serious as previously - late syphilis and congenital syphilis being relatively rare in the whole country. The clinical features of skin lesions in primary and secondary syphilis have not changed substantially but the proportion of various types of lesions is different to the past. As syphilis has not been present in China for more than 15 years, some young medical workers have no experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. They often misdiagnose or miss diagnosis. These medical workers need better knowledge and treatment skills. In order to control syphilis as soon as possible through early diagnosis and treatment, this article gives an introduction to this issue for colleagues by way of a comparison of the past status and the present.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41076031,41306190)the Ocean Public Welfare Industry Special Funds for Scientific Research(No.200905004-7)
文摘Settling particulate matter(SPM) is widely used to describe the sedimentary environment.We have investigated here the SPM collected with a time-series sediment trap in the Heini Bay,Weihai,Shandong Peninsula,China,during the super typhoon Muifa(August 2011,maximum wind speed 55 m/s).Meteorological and hydrological parameters were measured for 18 days.By analyzing the particle flux,grain size,and loss-on-ignition(organic matter content) of SPM we found dramatic changes in these parameters,induced by typhoon Muifa for about 6 days.With the arrival of typhoon,the daily SPM fluxes increased sharply to the maximum at 76.4 g/(m^2·d) on the first day and this increase is about 9 times of the normal value,and after 6 days the SPM decreased to the normal value gradually.Other parameters,such as grain size of SPM and organic matter also experienced similar changes.Using these SPM parameters,we divided the settling progress by cluster analysis into three phases:strong(for 3 days),weak(for 3 days),and zero typhoon impact.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB417205)Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2012LASW-A02)Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2010Z001)
文摘In this paper,the synoptic-climatology of Meiyn in East Asia is discussed.It is proposed that the location of the rain band of Meiyu is stable from the viewpoint of climatology,even though the active （wet） and break （dry） Meiyu are influenced by synoptic systems.The duration and the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu exhibit tremendous interannual variabilities,and thus,they are almost unpredictable in seasonal climate prediction.The Meiyu has been used as a synoptic concept and applied to the operational forecast for many decades by meteorological agencies in East Asian countries.As a result,the prediction of the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu has become an important operational work for meteorological services.This has also misled the public＇s and scientists＇ attention.The northward propagation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） surge associated with the intraseasonal oscillation is closely related to the active and break Meiyu.The activities and propagation of the EASM surge modulate the active/break Meiyu that cause concentrative severe precipitation processes and floods or droughts; hence,the authors suggest changing the current forecasting methodology of Meiyu.It is more meaningful from the scientific as well as application viewpoints to establish the monitoring and forecasting of the EASM surge to replace the current operational forecast of Meiyu after the seasonal progress enters the climatological Meiyu period in a year.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 20930140)the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the sponsors of the Centre for Reservoir Geophysics of the Imperial College
文摘Seismic attributes, such as P- and S-wave velocity, Poisson＇s ratio, and acoustic impedances, all generally can be used for distinguishing different rock types. The nonuniqueness can be largely reduced using Lame impedances instead of acoustic impedances as additional constraints. We have followed this method to constitute a petrologic composition model of the upper crust in the Bohai Bay basin, China. We briefly review the seismic parameters used for discrimination of rock types and focus our attention on the sensitivity of different combinations of parameters to determine the composition of materials. Corrections for pressure and temperature are performed in order to compare elastic wave velocities and densities measured at room temperature and surface pressure in laboratory with those for representative rock parameters. In a second step, we find the rock classes in the tested area by contrasting known data to laboratory measurements on a variety of rock samples extracted in the area. The basic field data are P-wave velocity values collected along a seismic profile conducted in the Bozhong Depression. The different rock types belonging to a particular rock class are finally constrained by the seismic velocities, Poisson＇s ratio, density, acoustic impedance, and Lame imoedance related to the topmost 10 km of the Bohai Bav crust.
文摘Extensive bleaching of Montastrea annularis spp. group and several other scleractinian taxa occurred on the reefs within the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park of Cozumel, Mexico, after the passage of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Rina. We conducted six drift dives at five different dive sites （-13 h of scuba diving） and photographed a variety of reefs scenes at depths of 10-28 m. Bleaching was noted at depths of 10-40 m in a variety of scleractinian species, including M. annularis species group, especially M. faveolata and Siderastrea siderea. Considering that local dive guides had not observed bleaching prior to the storm and the sea surface temperature did not exceed the local bleaching threshold, it is probable that the extensive rainfall associated with Hurricane/Tropical Storm Rina lowered salinity sufficiently via subsurface freshwater springs to cause bleaching in susceptible species. This suggests the need to monitor not only subsurface sea temperature but also subsurface salinity in localities where freshwater springs occur adjacent to or within coral reefs.
