机采棉棉模贮存和运输技术装备

自 1996年兵团机采棉引进试验示范项目实施以来 ,在机采棉种植模式、化学脱叶催熟、采棉机田间采收、机采棉清理加工、皮棉质量标准的制定等方面均取得了较大进展。与美国、澳大利亚、以色列等已全面实现棉花收获机械化的国家相比 ,兵团机采棉技术可谓基本配套。但尚缺棉模贮存、运输技术装备。本文作者详细介绍了棉模贮运技术的应用条件、棉模应用的技术及棉模贮运成本。

宽膜植棉模式

地膜覆盖植棉从开始用大型机械作业,采用四膜八行(即一个播幅铺四条膜,播八行种.以下同).使用的地膜宽度为60—70cm.现在又探索出一套新的地膜覆盖植棉技术,为两膜八行或十行(即一个播幅铺两条膜,播八行或十行种).所用的地膜宽度为1.4—1.5m,称后者为宽膜覆盖植棉技术.根据现有报导资料表明,使用宽膜覆盖后能更进一步地发挥地膜在早春的增温、保墒、保肥作用,使棉花的生育期更加提前,与四膜八行比,可适时早播、早出苗2—3天,早现蕾4—5天,早开花4—5天,早吐絮5—7天.据农一师七团介绍,除上述数据相似外,在晴天,5cm地温要高3—5℃.4月23日播种,6月21日揭膜,宽膜覆盖了58天总积温高出138.5℃,棉株高度高出8—10cm,多果枝.多3—10个蕾.128团1993年使用宽膜播了85.6公顷(1284亩).

籽棉运模车液压系统的设计与研究

籽棉运模车是一种集籽棉自动装卸、运输于一体的农业田间储运设备,通过分析棉模田间转运工作要求,设计了籽棉运模车液压系统,对主要液压元件进行了选型;并运用AMESim仿真软件搭建了液压系统模型,设置了系统中主要元件的参数,仿真结果显示,履带轮行走马达和棉模提升马达线速度均为0.08 m/s,满足实际工况的同步动作要求,验证了模型的正确性,为新型运模车的开发和改进提供了一定的理论依据。

棉花加工行业新产品预测

目前，我国的棉花加工行业正处于迅速发展时期，近几年内，我国棉花加工工艺将摆脱三、四十年徘徊不前的局面，出现一些一个飞跃。与此相适应的棉花运输机械，棉花检测仪器也会出现一个变革，加工操作技术的检测仪器也将相继问世；随着棉花加工管理水平的逐步提高，各种计量器具也将应运而生；充分利用资源，开发资源，将会受到棉花加工行业的各级领导的高度重视，因此，这方面的机器也将会逐步研制出来。下面，就棉花加工业近几年内可能出现的新产品作一个简单的预测。

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Entropy Weight Theory in Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Cotton

[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] A sand culture experiment under salt stress of 150 mmol/L of NaCI was designed. The in- dicator weight was determined with the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evalu- ation method, based on the salt injury index of indicators. The salt tolerance of cotton was evaluated comprehensively. [Result] At the germination stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of germination energy, vigor index, hypocotyl length and fresh weight were highest, followed by germination rate and germination index, and of root length were lowest. At the seedling stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of plasma membrane permeability, root vigor and leaf expansion rate were highest, followed by plant height and net photosynthetic rate, and of shoot dry weight and root dry weight were lowest. The salt tolerance of cotton differed a- mong growth stages and cultivars. Among the 11 cultivars, CCRI-44 and CCRI-75 were steadily salt-tolerant at both germination and seedling stages; CCRI-17, Sumi- an 22, Sumian 15 and Dexiamianl had a stable moderate salt tolerance; while Sumian 12 and Simian 3 were steadily salt-sensitive. [Conclusion] The evaluated result was objective and exact, which indicated that this method could be used in comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton.

浅谈热熔玻璃制作过程

热熔玻璃以其特有的艺术形态成为装饰玻璃的新贵,文章介绍了热熔玻璃的模具制作,玻璃的烧制过程以及生产中应注意的问题。

Influence of Different Irrigation Models and Amounts on Jujube under Jujube-cotton intercropping

[Objective] The aim was to explore the differences of jujube growth by intercropping with cotton and mono-cropping and to research effects of three irrigation models and quantity on jujube. [Method] The field experiment with three factors and two levels were applied for the study in order to research the effect of all treatments with the yield, quality, bearing branch, flower, fruit diameter of jujube. [Result]With different irrigation patterns, the result of comparing the length of bearing branch was drip irrigation furrow irrigation micro spray, and the result of comparing the number of bearing branch, the bud number, the flower number, fruit diameter was the same, as follows： drip irrigation microjet irrigation furrow irrigation; the result of comparing the yield was drip irrigation furrow irrigation microjet irrigation with significant differences. With different irrigation quantities, high irrigation water quantity treatment was proved higher than low irrigation quantity treatment in every survey index. [Conclusion] The analysis indicates that drip irrigation, microjet irrigation and furrow irrigation increased the irrigation water quantity can significantly promote the growth and the yield of jujube and the effects of the three kinds of irrigation patterns are drip irrigation furrow irrigation microjet irrigation.

Relationship between Temperature and Occurrence of Adult Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

[Objective] We aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature and occurrence of Helicoverpa armigera （H0bner） in Shihezi Zong Chang. [Method] The data of occurrence of adult Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner） and temperature in 2007-2010 was analyzed for building the prediction model. [Result] The amount of overwintering generation of Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner） increased with the in- crease of temperature and its population dynamics showed a positive correlation with temperature. The amount of first and second generation of Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner） decreased with the increase of temperature and its population dynamics showed a negative correlation with temperature. [Conclusion] This research would provide a basis for the forecast and prevention of Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner） in North Xinjiang.

Modeling of the Dyeing Uptake Rate for Direct Dyestuff on Cotton in Batch Dyeing Process Based on Grey System Theory

The grey system theory, with the characteristics of fewer modeling data and higher accuracy, was employed to model the batch dyeing process for the purpose of accurate online control. The GM（1, 1） and GM （0, N） models of the grey system theory were discussed for their feasibilities of modding for batch dyeing process. The combination of direct dyestuff Fast Red F3B on cotton was chosen as a representative of the common dyeing method for describing the modeling process. Firstly, the GM（ 1, 1 ） model and the GM（1, 1） combined with GM（0, N） model were employed to model the equilibrium percentage of dyeing uptake rate. Secondly, an integrated dyeing uptake rate model with three factors （ temperature, salt concentration, and pH） was established based on the adsorption rate equation. Experimental results show that this model has higher accuracy and beetler generalization ability, which can predict the results of batch dyeing process. Due to the application of grey system theory, the model has a lot of advantages, such as being easy to determine the parameter value and small amount of calculation. So it can also be suitable for the same type of combination of dyestuff-fahric by changing the parameters value only.

Assessment of different genetic distances in constructing cotton core subset by genotypic values

One hundred and sixty-eight genotypes of cotton from the same growing region were used as a germplasm group to study the validity of different genetic distances in constructing cotton core subset. Mixed linear model approach was employed to unbiasedly predict genotypic values of 20 traits for eliminating the environmental effect. Six commonly used genetic distances(Euclidean,standardized Euclidean,Mahalanobis,city block,cosine and correlation distances) combining four commonly used hierarchical cluster methods(single distance,complete distance,unweighted pair-group average and Ward's methods) were used in the least distance stepwise sampling(LDSS) method for constructing different core subsets. The analyses of variance(ANOVA) of different evaluating parameters showed that the validities of cosine and correlation distances were inferior to those of Euclidean,standardized Euclidean,Mahalanobis and city block distances. Standardized Euclidean distance was slightly more effective than Euclidean,Mahalanobis and city block distances. The principal analysis validated standardized Euclidean distance in the course of constructing practical core subsets. The covariance matrix of accessions might be ill-conditioned when Mahalanobis distance was used to calculate genetic distance at low sampling percentages,which led to bias in small-sized core subset construction. The standardized Euclidean distance is recommended in core subset construction with LDSS method.

Thermal Insulation Distribution Pattern of Layered Clothing Ensemble

With a thermal manikin, the distribution pattern of thermal insulation in multi-layered clothing ensemble is studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of multi-layered clothing ensemble has certain statistical relationship with the thermal insulation of each layer, and the prediction equation has been established.

Energy Metabolism Pattern in Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Hem.： Aphididae） Exposure to Neonicotinoids

This study was mainly made on the role of energy revisers in cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Hemiptera： Aphididae） countered with imidacloprid and thiametoxam. We measured used energy, available energy and the content of total energy in three strains of cotton aphid which were from very resistant to neonicotinoid, sup to semi-sensitive and sensitive speccies, respectively. It was observed changes in energy resources rate in all of the aphid strains at which each substrate was metabolized under stress. Our findings indicated among energy sources, total lipid in susceptible strain was increased in counter of spraying and it was decreased in resistance and semi sensitive strains. Whereas, total protein was decreased in all of the strains encountering with neonicotiniod stress. Total glycogen was increased significantly in different aphid strains and sugar was decreased in countered of spraying.

New Contour Detection Model Working on Gray-Scale Image of Blended Yarn Cross-Section

The traditional Contour Tracing algorithm works on the binary image. It is developed that a new model called Facula Diffusion which can work directly on gray-scaled images according to the principle of human vision. The diffusion operation is controlled by four factors including approximation, closing, length-limiting, and hit-rate. Based on this model, three shape indices, i. e., dimension index, abnormity index, and fluctuation index, were put forward to describe the shape of objects. The rule of shape indices selection was discussed subsequently. Finally, the fibers in polyester/cotton blended yam are classified and the blending ratio is determined.

Development and Validation of National Cotton Cultivar Registration Index Model in Yangtze River Valley

[Objective] Based on the cotton variety high yielding potential, fiber quality traits, disease resistance, and early maturity characters, a cultivar registration index model was developed to simplify the tedious calculation process in national cotton registration procedure, and thus to enhance the practical application of cultivar regis- tration index in cotton breeding ancl cotton recommending. [Method] By means of correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis and path analysis methods, the cor- relation of cotton main properties and their effects on cultivar registration index were explored using the dataset of national cotton regional trials in Yangtze River Valley during 1996-2013. The cultivar registration index model was constructed with step- wise regression statistical technique to ascertain the quantitative relationship of main characters with cultivar registration index, and the regional cotton trial dataset in 2013 was used to validate the model. [Result] Several characters with larger deter- minants to cultivar registration index were screened out,ie. lint yield increase ratio, pro-frost yield ratio, verticillium wilt index, fiber strength, fusarium wilt index and mi- cronaire value. The cultivar registration index model defined the functional relation- ship of cultivar registration index with the selected main characters, among which lint yield increase ratio, fiber strength and micronaire value contributed most to culti- var registration index. The model validation with regional cotton trials in 2013 indi- cated the root mean square error, RMSE was only 2.77, and the variation coeffi- cient was 6.77%, which confirmed the model prediction effect was quite perfect. [Conclusion] The developed cultivar registration index model was reliable enough to simulate the complicated scoring system in cultivar registration procedure, also sim- plified cotton registration process, and enhanced the practicability of the cultivar reg- istration index.

Studying the Mechanical Properties of Jute/Cotton Blended Yarns Using the Weibull Model

The phenomenon of a material failure varies with its gauge length in use. In the present study, the breaking strengths of J30/C70 and J55/C45 blended yarns spun by the ring spinning technology were investigated with the employment of the equations derived from the Weibull theory. The four probability estimators of the Weibull distribution were also evaluated. The results showed that the estimator （2a） was acceptable for calculating the Weibull modulus of the jute/cotton blended yarns. With the exception of breaking strength of the J30/C70 at the gauge length of 200 ram, the breaking strengths of both blended yarn could be predicted accurately by the Eqs. （9） or （10） in this paper.

Swelling characteristics of East-Africa black cotton soil based on computer molecular simulation

Black cotton soil in East Africa is not a stable engineering material for highway and railroad projects. Its strong swelling potential when it absorbs water causes distresses in subgrade of highway and railroad, and thus leads to failures of the projects. This paper presents study on the swelling characteristics of black cotton soil in East Africa. Lab tests were conducted to obtain its basic engineering properties, and the results show that black cotton soil contains high amount of montmorillonite and exchangeable cations and is strong expansive soil. Molecular modelling was exploited to further investigate water absorption ability of montmorillonite. Three different molecular models of montmorillonite were constructed and used for simulations, among which Types I and II montmorillonite represent the expansive soil montmorillonite in China, and Types II and III montmorillonite represent black cotton soil montmorillonite in East Africa. The results showed that the interlayer cations of Type III montmorillonite possessed the strongest water absorption ability based on analysis of radial distribution function(RDF) of cations. Interlayer compensatory cations of Na+ enhance the hydration ability of the other major cations, thus resulting in the strong swelling potential of East-Africa black cotton soil.

The Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties of Cotton Yarns

The effect of strain rate on tensile properties of cotton yarns is analyzed using the standard linear solid model. The tensile curve, breaking strength and work of rupture of the yarns under different strain rate are calculated. A good correlation exists between the experiment results and theoretical anticipations.

An Improved Heat Transfer Model for Flame Resistant Fabric Used in Thermal Protective Clothing

An improved numerical heat transfer model considering pyrolysis effect is proposed to predict thermal performance of heat-resistant fabric subjected to radiant heat flux. The model incorporates the heat-induced changes in fabric thermophysical properties. The new model has been validated with data from modified Radiant Protective Performance (RPP) tests of flame-resistant cotton fabrics. Comparison with experimental data shows that the predictions of mass loss rates and temperature profiles within the charring material and skin simulant are in reasonably good agreement with the experiments. Results from the numerical model contribute to a better understanding of the heat transfer process within flame-resistant fabrics under high heat flux conditions, and also to establish a systematic method for analyzing heat transfer in other fibrous materials applications.