棕法在现代树木盆景上的应用

棕法是传统盆景制作中较关键的一种技法。以扬派盆景为例,棕法有阳棕、撇棕、拌棕、吊棕等十余种之多。它们主要是利用棕丝的不同缠绕方法和棕丝收紧时的牵拉力量迫使枝、干弯曲改变方向。这种技法,也可运用到现代树木盆景的制作中去。现代树木盆景造型时,经常遇到因主干与侧枝角度的大幅度改变而造成枝干的撕裂;再者,已成型的盆景往往也会出现因植物生长而造成枝条间距离的改变。

在劳动卫生中汞的测定方法进展

尿汞的测定方法有蛋白沉淀法(所需尿量大,回收率差),蒸馏或迴流双硫腙法和冷消化双硫腙法、冷原子吸收光谱法。血汞的测定有冷热消化测汞仪法、冷消化测汞仪法、热消化测汞仪法和金膜微粒富集测汞仪法;对血样的处理、检测和采血的要求作了介绍。

通派盆景艺术之二——通派盆景制作技艺

通派盆景多采用“棕丝剪扎,细扎粗剪,以扎为主”的造型技法,工艺精湛,棕法细腻,颇具特色。立意通派盆景追求形神兼备,富有诗情画意,使自然美与艺术美紧密结合。其立意讲究“高、深、幽、远”,因材造型,即景抒情,使形与神、意与韵、境与情有机融合,达到意在棕先,趣在法外,纵横捭阖。

Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst:Characterization and optimization

A palm fatty acid distillate （PFAD） has been used for biodiesel production. An efficient sulfonated-glucose acid catalyst （SGAC） was prepared by sulfonation to catalyze the esterification reaction. The effect of three variables i.e. methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time, on the yield of PFAD esters was studied by the response surface methodology （RSM）. The optimum reaction conditions were： 12.2：1 methanol-to- PFAD molar ratio, 2.9% catalyst concentration and 134 rain of time as predicted by the RSM. The reaction under the optimum conditions resulted in 94.5% of the free fatty acid （FFA） conversion with 92.4% of the FAME yield. The properties of the PFAD esters were determined according to biodiesel standards.

Process Improvement on the Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Oleyl Palmitate, a Wax Ester via Response Surface Methodology （RSM）

High performance enzymatic synthesis of oleyl palmitate, a wax ester was carried out by lipase-catalyzed esterification of palmitic acid and oleyl alcohol. Response surface methodology （RSM） based on 5-level, 3-variable of centre composite rotatable design （CCRD） was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, of temperature （40-60 ℃）; amount of enzyme （0.1-0.4 g） and substrate molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to palmitic acid （1：1-4：1） on the percentage yield of wax ester. All reactions were fixed at 1 hour of reaction time. The optimum condition obtained from RSM for the reactions were temperature of 57.9 ℃, enzyme amount of 0.26 g and molar ratio of substrates of 2.92. The actual experimental yield was 91.2% under the optimum condition, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 92.0%. Comparison of predicted and experimental values reveal good correspondence between them, implying that empirical models derived from RSM can be used to adequately describe the relationship between the factors and response in the synthesis of oleyl palmitate.

盆景蟠扎造型

蟠扎也称盘扎、攀扎、绑扎、作弯、摆形等,是植物盆景,尤其是树木盆景的传统技法,也是其最基本的技法。按使用的材料不同,大致可分为棕丝蟠扎和金属丝蟠扎两种。棕丝蟠扎,棕丝蟠扎也称“棕法”,是我国盆景制作的传统技法,曾经在川派、扬派、苏派等传统盆景流派中广泛使用,而且每个流派都有不同的方法,如扬派盆景的“棕法”就有11种之多。棕丝蟠扎具有不传热、对植物伤害小等优点。但也有操作烦琐,对操作者技术水平要求较高,解除不易等不足,现在除了作为传统技术保留外,已经很少有人使用,基本被金属丝皤扎所替代。

通派盆景蟠扎中的打结

通派与扬派盆景同出一脉,很讲究棕法。那么如何使棕在盆景造型中,显得细致,精巧呢?打结的方式是很重要的,有些同志在蟠扎时,随手打个结就了事。殊不知,这种打结法,棕丝的走向通常出现如甲图形状。实践证明,这种打结法,既不光滑,又容易散扣。如按乙图的打法,棕丝的两端在打结时,

盆景艺术的发展方向 对《盆景世界》的几点希望

“继承传统,开拓创新,创立既有民族风格,又有时代精神的盆景艺艺术。”中国盆景艺术家协会对《盆景世界》的几点希望盆景是艺术和技术紧密结合的产物,无艺术性便没有欣赏价值可言。但离开了精细高超的创作技术,也不可能达到赏心悦目的艺术效果。山野间生长着一棵古朴雅美的树桩,移之于盆欲使其成活尚难做到,又何能构成艺术佳品?近年郊区大兴土木,一座座山头被推平,其间会偶尔发现可用来制作盆景的珍贵树桩(我所见到的直径十厘米以上的构骨不下十余棵),苦于不知它们的生理特性和加工制作技艺。