Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrat...Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry.展开更多
The exact aetiology of sigmoid volvulus in Parkinson's disease(PD) remains unclear.A multiplicity of factors may give rise to decreased gastrointestinal function in PD patients.Early recognition and treatment of c...The exact aetiology of sigmoid volvulus in Parkinson's disease(PD) remains unclear.A multiplicity of factors may give rise to decreased gastrointestinal function in PD patients.Early recognition and treatment of constipation in PD patients may alter complications like sigmoid volvulus.Treatment of sigmoid volvulus in PD patients does not differ from other patients and involves endoscopic detorsion.If feasible,secondary sigmoidal resection should be performed.However,if the expected surgical morbidity and mortality is unacceptably high or if the patient refuses surgery,percutaneous endoscopic colostomy(PEC) should be considered.We describe an elderly PD patient who presented with sigmoid volvulus.She was treated conservatively with endoscopic detorsion.Surgery was consistently refused by the patient.After recurrence of the sigmoid volvulus a PEC was placed.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease （PD） is caused by progressive degeneration of dopamine （DA） neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta （SNpc）, resulting in the deficiency of DA in the striatum. Thus, symptoms are develo...Parkinson’s disease （PD） is caused by progressive degeneration of dopamine （DA） neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta （SNpc）, resulting in the deficiency of DA in the striatum. Thus, symptoms are developed, such as akinesia, rigidity and tremor. The aetiology of neuronal death in PD still remains unclear. Several possible mechanisms of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are still elusive. Various mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD have been proposed, including formation of free radicals, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium cytotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, and apoptosis. All these factors interact with each other, inducing a vicious cycle of toxicity causing neuronal dysfunction, atrophy and finally cell death. Considerable evidence suggests that free radicals and oxidative stress may play key roles in the pathogenesis of PD. However, currently, drug therapy cannot completely cure the disease. DA replacement therapy with levodopa （L-Dopa）, although still being a gold standard for symptomatic treatment of PD, only alleviates the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, patients usually experience severe side effects several years after the L-Dopa treatment. Until now, no therapy is available to stop or at least slow down the neurodegeneration in patients. Therefore, efforts are made not only to improve the effect of L-Dopa treatment for PD, but also to investigate new drugs with both antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective effects. Here, the advantages and limitations of current and future therapies for PD were dicussed. Current therapies include dopaminergic therapy, DA agonists, MAO-B inhibitor, COMT inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs, surgical procedures such as pallidotomy and more specifically deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus pars interna （GPi） or subthalamic nucleus （STN）, and stem cell transplantation.展开更多
文摘Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry.
文摘The exact aetiology of sigmoid volvulus in Parkinson's disease(PD) remains unclear.A multiplicity of factors may give rise to decreased gastrointestinal function in PD patients.Early recognition and treatment of constipation in PD patients may alter complications like sigmoid volvulus.Treatment of sigmoid volvulus in PD patients does not differ from other patients and involves endoscopic detorsion.If feasible,secondary sigmoidal resection should be performed.However,if the expected surgical morbidity and mortality is unacceptably high or if the patient refuses surgery,percutaneous endoscopic colostomy(PEC) should be considered.We describe an elderly PD patient who presented with sigmoid volvulus.She was treated conservatively with endoscopic detorsion.Surgery was consistently refused by the patient.After recurrence of the sigmoid volvulus a PEC was placed.
文摘Parkinson’s disease （PD） is caused by progressive degeneration of dopamine （DA） neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta （SNpc）, resulting in the deficiency of DA in the striatum. Thus, symptoms are developed, such as akinesia, rigidity and tremor. The aetiology of neuronal death in PD still remains unclear. Several possible mechanisms of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are still elusive. Various mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD have been proposed, including formation of free radicals, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium cytotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, and apoptosis. All these factors interact with each other, inducing a vicious cycle of toxicity causing neuronal dysfunction, atrophy and finally cell death. Considerable evidence suggests that free radicals and oxidative stress may play key roles in the pathogenesis of PD. However, currently, drug therapy cannot completely cure the disease. DA replacement therapy with levodopa （L-Dopa）, although still being a gold standard for symptomatic treatment of PD, only alleviates the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, patients usually experience severe side effects several years after the L-Dopa treatment. Until now, no therapy is available to stop or at least slow down the neurodegeneration in patients. Therefore, efforts are made not only to improve the effect of L-Dopa treatment for PD, but also to investigate new drugs with both antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective effects. Here, the advantages and limitations of current and future therapies for PD were dicussed. Current therapies include dopaminergic therapy, DA agonists, MAO-B inhibitor, COMT inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs, surgical procedures such as pallidotomy and more specifically deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus pars interna （GPi） or subthalamic nucleus （STN）, and stem cell transplantation.
