构建森林式工业园区绿地体系——以苏州工业园区绿地系统规划为例

本文以苏州工业园区绿地系统规划为例,阐述并分析了景观生态学原理在城市绿地系统规划中的运用,尝试通过营造有秩序的森林式绿色景观体系,塑造鲜明的工业园区绿地系统特色,旨在为城市新区、工业园区绿地系统规划做出有益探索。

城市绿化的结构和生态环境功能

分析了城市绿化的形式与现状,讨论了一种新的生态型绿化模式———城市森林.并对城市绿化的乔-灌-草结构型与城市草坪型进行比较,认为前者在生态环境效益方面有较大优越性.从景观角度分析城市森林带来的效益,建议城市绿化要考虑生态服务效能及其养护管理和节约用费.

小城镇绿地系统规划探析——以盐城市义丰镇为例

该研究以义丰镇绿地系统规划为例,分析快速城市化背景下小城镇绿地系统的特点和规划原则。提出构建稳定镇域大环境生态绿地格局、发展森林式绿地、体现地域文脉及实现多功能复合的小城镇绿地系统的规划思路。

Dynamic of forest landscape in Heilongjiang Province for one century

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, coefficient of patch size variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, we studied the change of forest landscape pattern and the change of each patch types in this region. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually, and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Human impact, instead of climate change and forest community succession, is the most important reason for such dramatic changes.

Re-engineering of the forest stand database:case study of Bilahe Forestry Bureau,Inner Mongolia of China

The forest stand database of Bilahe Forestry Bureau, Inner Mongolia of China was taken as an example to demonstrate the whole process of building a temporal geodatabase by means of reengineering. The process was composed of establishing a conceptual data model from the initial database, constructing a logical database by means of mapping, and building a temporal geodatabase with the help of Computer-Aided Software Engineering （CASE） tool and Unified Markup Language （UML）. The results showed that as the reengineered forest stand geodatabase was dynamic, it could easily store the historical data and answer time related questions by Structured Query Language （SQL）, meanwhile, it maintains the integrity of database and eliminates the redundancy.

Effects of Forest Roads on Habitat Pattern for Sables in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeasten China

The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road′s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables(Martes zibellina), one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Employing published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale including four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads reduced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road closure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.

Spatial patterns in natural Picea crassifolia forests of northwestern China,as basis for close-to-nature forestry

Close-to-nature forest management has been proposed as an effective method for improving the quality of plantation forests. Knowledge of spatial distribution patterns, structure, and succession trajectories in natural forests can provide guidelines for the establishment of close-to-nature forest plantations. Such knowledge is lacking in natural spruce(Picea crassifolia) forests in the Qilian Mountains of China, impeding the establishment of production forests. We conducted a case study in the Qilian Mountains to analyze the relationships between the naturally-formed forest patches and terrain factors, spatial heterogeneity of stand characteristics, and stand structure following harvesting disturbance. Our results suggested that spruce plantations will be effective on the N, NE, and NW slopes, at elevations between 2700 and 3300 m, and on slopes ranging from 15° to 45°. Further, planted forest patches should occupy 64% of the slope area on semi-shady slopes(NE, NW). Spatial patterns in the studied forest exhibited a strong scale-effect, and an area of 0.25 ha could be used as the most efficient plot scale for the management of spruce plantations. Partial logging is an effective method for the conversion of spruce planted forests into nearnatural forests, and the intensity of partial logging can be determined from the negative exponential function relationship between stand density and DBH. Our results provided critical information for the development of spruce plantations and conversion of existing plantations.

Development of component geographic information systems applying in forest resources management

The history, current situation, and development trend of GIS (Geographic Information System) applied in the forest resources management were discussed in this paper. On the basis of geographic spatial characteristics of forest resources data, a component geographic information system (ComGIS) was developed for forest resources management. The system embeds a GIS ActiveX control MapObjects (Inc. ESRI) on Visual C++ platform. System design, data organization and achieving way were studied and expatiated by taking Xigangzi Forestry Centre as study object. The system has many useful functions,, such as adding and display of various map layers, zoom of map by wheeling mouse, attribute and spatial data querying, map auto roaming, features rendering based on the spatial trait of data, label controlling through attribute data band with vector graph, as well as output of 'Column chart' for showing the result of statistics. At the same time, parts of source codes are attached.

The Altitudinal Belts of Subalpine Virgin Forest on Mt.Gongga Simulated by a Succession Model

How to accurately simulate the distribution of forest species based upon their biological attributes has been a traditional biogeographical issue.Forest gap models are very useful tools for examining the dynamics of forest succession and revealing the species structure of vegetation.In the present study,the GFSM(Gongga Forest Succession Model) was developed and applied to simulate the distribution,composition and succession process of forests in 100 m elevation intervals.The results indicate that the simulated results of the tree species,quantities of the different types of trees,tree age and differences in DBH(diameter at breast height) composition were in line with the actual situation from 1400 to 3700 MASL(meters above sea level) on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga.Moreover,the dominant species in the simulated results were the same as those in the surveyed database.Thus,the GFSM model can best simulate the features of forest dynamics and structure in the natural conditions of Mt.Gongga.The work provides a new approach to studying the structure and distribution characteristics of mountain ecosystems in varied elevations.Moreover,the results of this study suggest that the biogeochemistry mechanism model should be combined with the forestsuccession model to facilitate the ecological model in simulating the physical and chemical processes involved.

FOREST LANDSCAPE PATTERN DYNAMICS OF LUONINGCOUNTY IN HENAN PROVINCE AND ITS DRIVING FORCES

With the help of ARC/INFOR and ERDAS software, based on the information from forest resources distribution maps and TM images, four indices were chosen to analyze spatial pattern changes of forest landscape of Luoning County, Henan Province from 1983 to 1999. The results showed that: 1) The number and total area of patches were rapidly increased with time changes. The fragmentation degree of the landscape was increasing greatly. 2) The area of some forest patch types, especially shrub forest, economic forest, Populus spp. forest, Quercus spp. forest, sparse forest, deserted grassland etc. had been greatly changed. 3) The fragemation degree of each forest patch type became greater from 1983 to 1999. 4) The transition probabilities of deserted forest, economic forest, Pi-nus tabulaeformis forest, Populus spp. forest exceed 85%,Robinia pseuoacacia forest, deserted grassland, 65% and Quercus spp. forest, non-forest, shrub forest had smaller ones, which were 26.5%, 29.1% and 45.3%, respectively. The main transition trends of various patches were non-forest and Quercus spp. forest. During the course of transition, the types that 50% of area was remained were Quercus spp. forest, non-forest and shrub forest. According to above analyses, the main driving forces, such as the management policies, market economy factors and influences of human activities etc. were brought out.

Influence of Thinning on Soil CO_2 Efflux in Chinese Fir Plantations

Forest management is expected to influence soil CO2 effiux （FCO2） as a result of changes in microenvironmental conditions, soil microclimate, and root dynamics. Soil EGO2 rate was measured during the growing season of 2006 in both thinning and non-thinning locations within stands ranging from 0 to 8 years after the most recent thinning in Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations in Huitong Ecosystem Research Station, Hunan, China. Soil temperature and moisture were also measured to examine relationships between FCO2 and soil properties. Forest thinning resulted in huge changes in FCO2 that varied with time since cutting. Immediately following harvest （year 0） FCO2 in thinning area increased by about 30%, declined to 20%-27% below pre-cutting levels during years 4-6, and recovered to pre-cutting levels at 8 years post-cutting. A similar temporal pattern, but with smaller changes, was found in non-thinning locations. The initial increase in FCO2 could be attributed to a combination of root decay, soil disturbance, and increased soil temperature in gaps, while the subsequent decrease and recovery to the death and gradual regrowth of active roots. Strong effects of soil temperature and soil water content on FCO2 were found. Forest thinning mainly influenced FCO2 through changes in tree root respiration, and the net result was a decrease in integrated FCO2 flux through the entire felling cycle.

Ecological variables influencing the diversity and distribution of macrolichens colonizing Quercus leucotrichophora in Uttarakhand forest

Ecological variables play a significant role in determining the diversity and distribution of any living organism on earth. Lichens are not exceptional and are quite sensitive in comparison to other organisms; hence the present study focuses on the impact of ecological variables on the diversity and distribution of epiphytic macrolichens colonizing Quercus leucotrichophora across eight different sites(50 m × 50 m) in Thal Ke Dhar forest, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. For sampling of macrolichens, 200 trees(25 trees from each site) of Q.leucotrichophora were selected from each site and five quadrats of 5 cm × 10 cm(1000 quadrats in totality) were drawn at the tree trunk. From all the sampled trees, a total of 54 species of epiphytic macrolichens belonging to 18 genera and five families were recorded. Various ecological variables, namely altitude, aspect, slope, diameter at breast height(DBH), and lopping percent(partial cutting of the twigs as disturbance), were also analyzed to investigate their influence on macrolichen species composition and distribution pattern in the study area. For the determination of relationships between these variables, statistical analysis, namely Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Polynomial regression analysis and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)were performed. Out of all variables, lopping was significantly correlated to species richness of epiphytic macrolichens(0.712~*, p<0.05) and it was confirmed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.Despite of having high anthropogenic pressure or impact through lopping, the maximum number of macrolichen species was recorded at elevation 2267 meter above sea level(m asl). The present study revealed that besides other ecological variables,lopping practices can act as a key parameter incontrolling the diversity and distribution not only of epiphytic macrolichens but also of other life forms such as bryophytes, pteridophytes, insects, birds etc.and can be either negatively or positively correlated.

A Community and Ecosystem-based Sustainable Forest Management Model for Small Islands in Maluku

The research objective was to investigate past and current forest management practices in the Maluku archipelago, then to create a better management model to improve prosperity for local communities and to guarantee sustainability of forest ecosystems for future generations. Forest land use, the deforestation process, the potential for maintaining natural production forests and the need to establish a management unit for sustainability of natural production forests （PFMU） were analysed. The analysis model used Geographic Information System （GIS） and satellite imaging. The deforestation process was analysed using the multiple regression model. The research determined the importance of two concepts i.e., （1） A macro concept involving the integration of forest development with regional development and （2） A micro concept which detailed the format of the PFMU as a sub-set of the macro concept. The macro concept involves a new Forest Land Use Plan （FLUP）, and the micro concept is a more detailed analysis of a sustainable PFMU, a Management Unit for Protection Forest （PrFMU） and a Management Unit for Conservation Forest （CFMU）. Results showed that the existing FLUCP （Forest Land Use Consensus Plan） policy rather than guaranteeing the sustainability of forests, contributed to their deforestation. The integration of forest management and regional development strategies required the establishment of a new FLUP.

Sustainable livelihoods in a Coptis-planting based rural community:a case study in Shizhu County,China

Coptis chinensis is a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine.This research features a case study in Shizhu County,China.Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA) is used as the main tool for data collection.The study demonstrates that the current method of Coptis planting leads to forest destruction.Even with reforestation measures,it leads to the loss of biodiversity in the forest.It also shows that farmers cannot get satisfactory economic returns from Coptis planting,as the return is unstable and unpredictable.One alternative to the current Coptis planting mode is to incorporate it into the agroforestry system.Water shield planting also serves as a good alternative to Coptis planting itself.Improved methods of management,post-harvest processing,and marketing of Coptis are also proposed and analyzed.The intended contribution of this paper to the theoretical debate of sustainability shall be the provision of an example showing how agricultural production affects forest conservation.It also presents redressable measures to the negative consequences.Besides,one alternative livelihood pathway for the rural community in this case study is suggested.

Carbon storage of bamboo forest ecosystem in China

National forest inventory materials and data from China Forest Ecosystem Location Research Network （CFERN） were obtained for estimating four periods of carbon storage of Bamboo forest ecosystem from 1977 to 2003 in China. The spatial and temporal patterns, vertical distribution and potential carbon storage of the bamboo forest ecosystem were analyzed. The results showed that carbon storage of Chinese bamboo forest ecosystem was 537.6 Mt C during 1977 and 1981, 598.61 Mt C during 1984 and 1988, 710.14 Mt C during 1994 and 1998, and 837.92 Mt C during 1999 and 2003. It showed that the carbon storage was increasing during that time. Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong and Sichuan were the major carbon pools in China, with the percentages of carbon storage between 80.04 and 83.13 percent in all. The percentages of carbon storage of vegetation, litter, and soil were between 23.85 and 24.48 percent, between 0.92 and 0.96 percent, and between 74.56 and 75.23 percent respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the carbon storage in different layers were similar vertically. Carbon storage was 837.92 Mt C from 1999 to 2003, and it will be increased to 947.54 Mt C after one age period with a rate of 54.81Mt carbons stored in ecosystem every year.

Multifunctional Forest Management in Guyuan:Potentials,Challenges and Trade-offs

水土流失、人口激增和水资源短缺是制约中国西部固原市农村地区可持续发展的关键因素。为此,中国政府从1999年底开始实行退耕还林工程并于2003年完成第一阶段的计划任务。该工程以生态恢复为首要任务,同时兼顾减轻农村贫困及加快经济发展的目标。本研究旨在评估3种森林管理政策情景对当地可持续发展的潜在贡献和弊端,研究首先应用参与式影响评估框架(FoPIA)设定了3种森林管理政策情景,然后针对各个情景下土地利用的变化,进行了土地利用变化的影响评估。3种情景分别为"生态林"、"经济林(以种植水果为主的复合农林业)"和"生物能源林"。通过与当地利益相关者座谈,界定了与固原市可持续发展相关的9项重要森林功能,包括3项社会功能,即提供就业机会、生活质量、森林可达性;3项经济功能,即木材收入、非木材林产品收入、林业相关产业和服务收入;3项生态功能,即提供生物性资源、提供非生物性资源、生态过程维持。研究进一步通过多学科专家讨论和专家知识,评估了不同情景对森林功能的影响,探索了当地不同可持续发展目标间的权衡关系。结果显示:生态林可以达到生态恢复的首要目标,但是社会功能和经济功能较低;水果经济林对社会经济贡献大但对环境改善作用较小;生物能源林可以同时兼顾社会、经济和环境功能,但是在当地缺乏实践经验。基于专家观点,讨论了各情景的优势、劣势、机会和风险。研究发现,生态林树种选择需要重新考虑,并优先采用本土树种;水果经济林在经营得当情况下能促进社会经济发展;生物能源林在农户或村落尺度上提供清洁能源方面潜力巨大。

Study on Distribution Pattern of Plant Diversity of Forest Vegetation in Luofu Mountain,Guangdong

Through sample plot survey and statistic analysis,this paper adopts ecological method to study the characteristics of plant diversity of forest vegetation in Luofu Mountain,Guangdong.The results show that there is a great plant diversity of forest vegetation in Luofu Mountain owing to the ascendancy of aqueous and thermal condition in subtropical zone.The total number of species in 4 500 m2 sample plot(s)are 170 with 3 870 individual plants in total;Dahl species richness index(D)is 44.932;Simpson diversity index(L,D)is 0.022,0.022;Simpson(1982)diversity index(D)is 3.806;Pielou evenness index(E)is 0.984 and Hulbert evenness index(E)is 0.815;Shannon-wiener diversity index(information index H')is 4.188;Asymmetry index(r)is 0.185.These indexes show that a better habitat will bring about plant diversity of forest vegetation,and the diversity of zonal vegetation shows that the higher latitude is,the less species of vegetation can be found.Besides,vertical change of plant diversity of forest vegetation in Luofu Mountain is obvious.Its species richness index and plant diversity index show that monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest is the tallest,mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest follows as the second and conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest is the shortest.The Wilson β-diversity index,which is obtained by comparison between forest vegetation below 300 m and forest vegetation between 600-900 m,is 0.621.Calculated from comparison between forest vegetation in 600-1 100 m and forest vegetation in 900-1 100 m,the Wilson β-diversity index is 0.727;by comparing forest vegetation below 300 m with forest vegetation in 900-1 100 m,the Wilson β-diversity index is 1.877.This shows that the plant diversity of forest vegetation is affected by the change in gradient of elevation.

Research on the Patterns and Evolution of Ecosystem Service Consumption in the “Belt and Road”

With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns,composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns(ESCP)in the“Belt and Road"were revealed on the total and regional scales,taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator.Three main conclusions were reached.1)The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the"Belt and Road",followed by grassland ecosystems.The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated,but increased from year 2000 to year 2016.The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr_1 to 16810.00 Tg yr^1,and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p_1 yr'1 to 3.6392 million g p_1 yr'1.2)The ESC,composition and evolution varied significantly among countries,zones and ecosystems.The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale,and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale,which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments,consumption habits,levels of productive forces,and other factors.3)Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP,which accounted for about 76.7%of the total area along the"Belt and Road",followed by higher farmland+higher grassland ESC,which accounted for about 19.0%of the total area.The other consumption patterns(i.e.,those of higher grassland ESC,higher forestland ESC or higher farmland+higher forest+higher grassland ESC)were found in only a few countries.The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries.Therefore,to realize sustainable social,economic and ecological development,and to improve people's well-being,countries along the,lBelt and Road"should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries,actively expand trade,achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations,and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services.This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.

Seismic failure mode improvement of RC frame structure based on multiple lateral load patterns of pushover analyses

The structural failure under severe ground motions is primarily caused by their unreasonable seismic failure mode (SFM). This paper provides a methodology aiming at the SFM improvement of reinforced concrete frame structure. An RC frame is modeled and three types of failure criterion are defined as the premise of SFM. Static pushover analysis is adopted to identify the SFM. The dominant failure modes and failure paths of the structure are obtained in three lateral load patterns (inverted trian- gular distribution, uniform distribution and adaptive distribution). Based on the pushover analysis, the sequential failure of components and the probability of the occurrence of plastic hinges are determined. By this, weak components of the structure are detected and herein are strengthened. The project cost of the proposed strengthening strategy increases by 2.4%. Capacity spectrum method is used to study the performance of the strengthening structure. Pushover analysis is conducted again to present the improvement of strength and ductility. Lateral drift and local response through IDA are also studied to indicate that the strengthening of some columns and beams can improve the SFM to enhance the seismic capacity of structure.

Denitrification Rates and Their Controlling Factors in Streams of the Han River Basin with Different Land-Use Patterns

Land-use patterns can affect various nutrient cycles in stream ecosystems, but little information is available about the effects of urban development on denitrification processes at the watershed scale. In the presented study, we investigated the controlling factors of denitrification rates within the streams of the Han River Basin, Korea, with different land-use patterns, in order to enhance the effectiveness of water resource management strategies. Ten watersheds were classified into three land-use patterns （forest, agriculture and urban） using satellite images and geographic information system techniques, and in-situ denitrification rates were determined using an acetylene blocking method. Additionally, sediment samples were collected from each stream to analyze denitrifier communities and abundance using molecular approaches. In-situ denitrification rates were found to be in the order of agricultural streams （289.6 mg N20-N m-2 d-1） 〉 urban streams （157.0 mg N20-N m-2 d-1） 〉 forested streams （41.9 mg N20-N m-2 d-l）. In contrast, the average quantity of denitrifying genes was the lowest in the urban streams. Genetic diversity of denitrifying genes was not affected by watershed land-use pattern, but exhibited stream-dependent pattern. More significance factors were involved in denitrification in the sites with higher denitrification rates. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that clay, dissolved organic carbon and water contents were the main factors controlling denitrification rate in the agricultural streams, while dissolved organic carbon was the main controlling factor in the urban streams. In contrast, temperature appeared to be the main controlling factor in the forested streams.