基于声漫步法的森林公园声景喜好度评价研究

为探究森林公园中声景的客观物理量和人主观感受的心理量之间的关系,根据声景生态学和心理物理学的相关理论,通过声漫步法和语义差异法对森林公园中的地球物理声、生物声和人工声进行主观喜好度评价,同时测量客观的物理指标,通过对主客观数据进行拟合建立了森林公园声景喜好度评价模型,并结合三者各自对应的评价模型构建了森林公园声景喜好度评价模型。在森林公园规划中,可应用该模型将森林公园中的声级数据近似模拟为声景感受得分,以仿真来访者的主观感受,为森林公园建设和开发提供参考依据,以期为声景观资源的有效管理提供一定的理论参考。

森林声景保健功能的初步分析

利用森林中丰富的自然声音资源和优美的景观环境,将森林声景与音乐疗法相结合,并对森林声景的保健功能作出分析,为全面有效地开发、管理森林公园提供理论依据。

国内森林旅游者声景喜好特征分析

为了考察中国游客对森林声景的喜好特征,对森林景观规划设计与旅游管理提供指导,通过设计与发放Likert量表与语义细分量表,结合聚类分析与因子分析,就中国游客对于森林环境中单一声源与整体声环境的偏好特征进行分类统计。研究发现,在森林环境中,自然声的整体喜好度最高,交通声最低,但针对具体的声源有不同的评价,不能一概而论。此外,选取20组语义评价指标对森林声环境进行7级尺度评价,发现影响森林声环境喜好的4个主要因子为休闲娱乐、空间特性、声音的音质与动态以及环境知觉。所提取的主导因子对全部指标参量的覆盖率为61.054%,结果较为理想。因此在森林景观规划设计中,需突出游客评价值较高的声源,同时重点关注对森林声环境主观感知评价起主导作用的因子,进而实现降维和简化问题的目的。

全市新增3个省级森林公园

本刊讯炎炎夏日,人们又将多几个消暑好去处。从市林业局获悉,我市又添3个省级森林公园,分别是社旗霸王山森林公园、淅川猴山森林公园、南召猿人山森林公园。此次我省有6个新建省级森林公园通过专家组评审,我市就占了3个。霸王山森林公园位于社旗县东北部,规划总面积为1494公顷,森林覆盖率95%,植被属北亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶林带,景区内动植物种类繁多,飞瀑洞潭等自然景观齐全;猴山森林公园位于淅川县荆紫关镇和西簧乡境内,总面积2579公顷。

Characteristic Change of Several Forest Landscapes Between 1896 and 1986 in Heilongjiang Province

Five forest landscapes in the maps of forest distribution in Heilongjiang Province in 1896 and 1986 were digitized and analyzed through GIS software. The results show that during the 90 years the total patch areas for Picea and Abies forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvin forest and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. forest had decreased about 87%, 40% and 84%, respectively. However, the total patch areas for broad leaved forest at the north of 51°N area had increased about 500%. The north frontier of broad leaved forest had moved towards northwest about 290 km. The fractal dimensions of Picea and Abies forest and mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest in 1986 were less than theirs in 1896, respectively. However, the fractal dimension of Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest were more than theirs in 1896, respectively. Picea and Abies forest, Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest became more fragmented. The transition percentages of Pinus sylvestris forest, Picea and Abies forest, Pinus koraiensis forest to themselves were less than the percentages to the mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest, respectively.

Analysis of Forest Landscape Pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve,Guangdong

[Objective] The study was to analyze the forest landscape in Nanling Na- tional Nature Reserve to provide information for the protection of local forest ecosys- tems. [Method] With the documents of 1：10 000 topographic maps, updated Forest Resource Inventory Data, based on the GIS platform and Fragstats software, the paper analyzed the patterns and heterogeneity of forest landscapes by adopting the landscape ecological theory and the method of landscape index. [Result] The forest landscape types, in terms of area occupation from large to small, are in the order of evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, shrubs, mixed needle leaf forest, suitable land for forest deciduous broad-leaved forest and non-forest. [Conclusion] Overall, the Reserve had maintained sufficient forest landscape diversity with a low level fragmentation. The distribution of various types of forest landscape was extremely uneven, dominated by several types such as evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, etc.

Dynamic of forest landscape in Heilongjiang Province for one century

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, coefficient of patch size variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, we studied the change of forest landscape pattern and the change of each patch types in this region. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually, and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Human impact, instead of climate change and forest community succession, is the most important reason for such dramatic changes.

Analysis of Landscape Diversities in Maolan Forests

With Maolan Nature Reserve as an example, its forest landscape characteristics and diversity were studied by utilizing GIS. The results showed that the overall forest landscape in Maolan Nature Reserve was quite good, but with the increasing natural interferences and human activities, shrub forests and non-woodland landscape types have been multiplied; among the 3 functional zones of the Nature Reserve, landscape fragmentation degree is low in core zone and buffer zone, but high in experimental zone.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

Research advance in forest restoration on the burned blanks

How to restore the destroyed forest after forest fire is a key question that man must face. This paper reviewed the research situation and history on the forest restoration burned blanks and summed up the research methods used into four scales: seed-bank scale, community scale, ecosystem scale and landscape scale. The new technologies such as GIS & Remote Sensing used to vegetation restoration were also summarized. The strategies and developing trend of vegetation restoration research on burned blanks were discussed.

Vegetation landscape structure and dynamics in sandy forest-steppe ecotone

Sandy forest-steppe ecotone in Baiyinaobao Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China is one of the special landscape types in forest-steppe vegetation zone in China. Vegetation landscape types, landscape patches, and patch size were measured by the field investigation, forest photograph, and airscape. The structure of landscape patches in sandy forest-steppe ecotone, including composition structure, and size structure, was studied and the dynamics and transformation of landscape patches were analyzed. The data obtained in this study could provide theoretical basis for the research on vegetation landscape in forest-steppe ecotones and other vegetation types.

Modified method for extraction of watershed boundary with digital elevation modeling

Boundary extraction of watershed is an important step in forest landscape research. The boundary of the upriver wa-tershed of the Hunhe River in the sub-alpine Qingyuan County of eastern Liaoning Province, China was extracted by digital elevation modeling (DEM) data in ArcInfo8.1. Remote sensing image of the corresponding region was applied to help modify its copy according to Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) image抯 profuse geomorphological structure information. Both the DEM-dependent boundary and modified copy were overlapped with county map and drainage network map to visually check the effects of result. Overlap of county map suggested a nice extraction of the boundary line since the two layers matched precisely, which indicated the DEM-dependent boundary by program was effective and precise. Further upload of drainage network showed discrepancies between the boundary and the drainage network. Altogether, there were three sections of the extraction result that needed to correct. Compared with this extraction boundary, the modified boundary had a better match to the drainage network as well as to the county map. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the program extraction has generally fine precision in position and excels the digitized result by hand. The errors of the DEM-dependant extraction are due to the fact that it is difficult for program to recognize sections of complex landform especially altered by human activities, but these errors are discernable and adjustable because the spatial resolution of ETM image is less than that of DEM. This study result proved that application of remote sensing information could help obtain better result when DEM method is used in extraction of watershed boundary.

东北虎豹国家公园森林声景的昼夜和季节变化

被动声学监测技术和声学指数通过对音频数据的时频域特征进行定量分析,可以反映声景的复杂度、多样性和健康程度等,已经成为评估生物多样性变化的重要手段。本研究从2020年6月至2021年6月在东北虎豹国家公园采集了52个点的声学数据,计算了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节和黎明、白天、黄昏、夜晚4个昼夜时间段的声音复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index,ACI)、声音多样性指数(acoustic diversity index,ADI)、声音均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index,AEI)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index,BIO)、标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index,NDSI)、声音熵指数(acoustic entropy index,H)和1–21k Hz共20个频段的功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)等声学指数,评价了声景构成和多样性的昼夜和季节性差异。结果表明,东北虎豹国家公园的声景随季节变化具有显著的昼夜节律差异,尤其是夜晚的声景和声学成分显著不同于其他时段;白天声景的复杂度和多样性以及生物声的强度更高,但夏季的夜晚比白天有更高的声音复杂度;春季的黎明时段由于强烈的鸟类和鸣而具有较高的声音多样性和生物声强度。此外,声景和声学成分具有显著的季节性差异,其中春、夏、秋等3个季节(主要是5–10月)具有高的声音复杂度、多样性和生物声强度,但每个声学指数峰值出现的时间具有高度的异质性。本研究为东北虎豹国家公园声景资源的恢复和保护提供了基础数据,未来需要进一步结合非声学变量深入探讨区域声景形成的驱动因素,揭示人类干扰和气候变化的影响。

Simulating Impact of Larch Caterpillar(Dendrolimus superans)on Fire Regime and Forest Landscape in Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeast China

Larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans) is very common in the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China, affecting fire regime and forest ecosystem change at large spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of fire regime and forest landscape under four larch caterpillar disturbance intensity levels scenarios in Huzhong forest area, northern of Da Hinggan Mountains. The results indicate that larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease fine fuel load and increase coarse fuel load in the 300 simulation years. Larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease fire frequency in the first 200 years, and the disturbances also decrease fire intensity and fire risk in the early and late stage of simulation. Larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease the area percent of larch cohorts and increase the proportion of white birch, and increase the degree of aggregation of white birch as a result of its strong seed dispersal and colonization ability. Disturbances would also decrease the mature and over-mature larch cohorts and increase all cohorts of white birch, especially the mature and over-mature cohorts. Larch caterpillar disturbances will decrease the stability of forest landscape, therefore,some measures preventing in- sect outbreak and ensuring the sustainable management of forest ecosystem should been taken in the study area.

Assessment of forest geospatial patterns over the three giant forest areas of China

Geospatial patterns of forest fragmentation over the three traditional giant forested areas of China （Northeastern, southwestern and Southern China） were analyzed comparatively and reported based on a 250-m resolution land cover dataset. Specifically, the spatial patterns of forest fragmentation were characterized by combining geospatial metrics and forest fragmentation models. The driving forces resulting in the differences of the forest spatial patterns were also investigated. Results suggested that forests in southwest China had the highest severity of forest fragmentation, followed by south region and northeast region. The driving forces of forest fragmentation in China were primarily the giant population and improper exploitation of forests. In conclusion, the generated information in the study provided valuable insights and implications as to the fragmentation patterns and the conservation of hiodiversity or genes, and the use of the chosen geospatial metrics and forest fragmentation models was quite useful for depicting forest fragmentation patterns.

Assessing Post-Storm Forest Dynamics in the Pyrenees Using High-Resolution LIDAR Data and Aerial Photographs

We evaluated how historical storm events have shaped the current forest landscape in three Pyrenean subalpine forests(NE Spain).For this purpose we related forest damage estimations obtained from multi-temporal aerial photographic comparisons to the current forest typology generated from airborne Li DAR data, and we examined the role of past natural disturbance on the current spatial distribution of forest structural types.We found six forest structural types in the landscape: early regeneration(T1 and T2), young even-aged stands(T3), uneven-aged stands(T4) and adult stands(T5and T6).All of the types were related to the timing and severity of past storms, with early-regeneration structures being found in areas markedly affected in recent times, and adult stands predominating in those areas that had suffered lowest damage levels within the study period.In general, landscapes where high or medium levels of damage were recurrent also presented higher levels of spatial heterogeneity,whereas the opposite pattern was found in the less markedly affected landscape, characterized by thepresence of large regular patches.Our results show the critical role that storm regimes in terms of timing and severity of past storms can play in shaping current forest structure and future dynamics in subalpine forests.The knowledge gained could be used to help define alternative forest management strategies oriented toward the enhancement of landscape heterogeneity as a measure to face future environmental uncertainty.

Influencing Factors of Seed Long-distance Dispersal on a Fragmented Forest Landscape on Changbai Mountains,China

Seed long-distance dispersal(LDD) events are typically rare, but are important in the population processes that determine large-scale forest changes and the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. However, previous studies focused on species dispersed via animal-mediated LDD, and ignored those dispersed by wind. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of canopy openness, edge, seed source, and patch tree density on the LDD of seeds by wind in forest. We collected birch seeds, a typical wind-dispersed species, throughout a larch plantation. We then assessed the relationship between birch LDD and each factor that may influence LDD of seeds by wind including distance to edge, canopy openness size, distance to mature forest, and the tree density of the larch plantation. We used univariate linear regression analysis to assess the influence of those factors on birch LDD, and partial correlations to calculate the contribution of each factor to LDD. The results showed that both canopy openness and edge had significant influences on birch LDD. Specifically, a negative relationship was observed between distance to edge and birch LDD, whereas there was a positive correlation between canopy openness size and LDD. In contrast, the distance to the mature forest was not correlated with birch LDD. Our results suggest that patch tree density could potently affect the probability of LDD by wind vectors, which provides novel and revealing insights regarding the effect of fragmentation on wind dynamics. The data also provide compelling evidence for the previously undocumented effect of habitat fragmentation on wind-dispersed organisms. As such, these observations will facilitate reasonable conservation planning, which requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which patch properties hamper the delivery of seeds of wind-dispersed plants to fragmented areas.

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Changes and Driving Forces in Nanling National Nature Reserve

The spatial and temporal changes of landscape pattern and their driving forces in each functional zone of Nanling National Nature Reserve were analyzed based on the GIS and RS platform. The results showed that from 1988 to 2009, in respect of changes of Jandscape area, the main forest landscape accounted about 95% of the total area, of which evergreen broad-leaved forest had the largest area, accounting for more than 50% of the total area. The dominant landscape was coniferous forest. In respect of landscape fragmentation, the density index of land- scape in the whole area increased, and the degree of landscape fragmentation also increased. In the core area, the patch density decreased slightly, and the average patch area of each type of landscape increased; the degree of landscape fragmen- tation increased slightly. In the buffer area and the experimental area, the degree of landscape fragmentation increased. In terms of landscape diversity, the landscape pattern in the whole area became complex, and the diversity index of landscape in- creased and the degree of heterogeneity increased. In the core area, the diversity index of landscape increased slightly. In the buffer area, it increased significantly. In the experiment area, the diversity index reduced, and the degree of landscape het- erogeneity reduced. In the whole study area, the landscape tended to be diversified. The landscape pattern of the experimental area was consistent with that of the whole study area, and there was no obvious change in the buffer zone, while the landscape pattern in the core area developed towards the single direction.

Nature Experience, Recreation Activity and Health Benefits of Visitors in Mountain and Urban Forests in Vienna, Zurich and Freiburg

Mountain forests are managed for various purposes. Of these, recreation, leisure, and ecotourism are increasingly gaining prominence. Yet, with the development of new techniques for creating and managing urban forests, the perception of the public with regard to mountain forests and such urban forests is narrowing. For the purpose of this study, eight mountain forests and urban forests located in Zurich(Switzerland), Vienna(Austria) and Freiburg(Germany) were shortlisted. These places are renowned for their well-functioning management of mountain forests and creation of urban forests. As the study was to focus on the comparison of the perceptions of visitors in terms of their satisfaction in urban and mountain forests, the interview covered the following questions:(i) how satisfactory was the nature experience;(ii) how satisfactory were the outdoor recreational activities;(iii) whether the nature experiences influenced the mental and physical health of visitors. Responses thus received for each of the mountain forests and urban forests were assessed, with the total number of respondents being 247. Tourists visiting the selected areas were randomly chosen for a one-on-one interview survey. Results of the survey show that there is a clear perceptions of visitors differed between urban and mountain forests. However, the gap is insignificant or almost nonexistent with respect to satisfaction level of outdoor recreational activities and health benefits. These results are contrary to the findings of previous studies, which argued that the natural landscape of mountain areas is superior to other artificially built green spaces. Visitors did not perceive significant differences in outdoor recreational activities and health effects between the two spaces.

Effects of Spatial Aggregation on Forest Landscape Model Simulation in Northeastern China

Issues of scale and aggregation become important when large range of space and time scales is considered in landscape models.However,identifying appropriate levels of aggregation to accurately represent the processes and components of ecological systems is challenging.A raster-based spatially explicit forest landscape model,LANDIS,was used to study the effects of spatial aggregation on simulated spatial pattern and ecological process in Youhao Forest Bureau of the Small Khingan Mountain in Northeastern China.The model was tested over 500 simulation years with systematically increased levels of spatial aggregation.The results show that spatial aggregation significantly influences the simulation of fire disturbance,species abundance,and spatial pattern.Simulated fire regime was relatively insensitive to grain size between 30.m and 270.m in the region.Spatial aggregation from 300.m to 480.m dramatically decreased fire return interval(FRI) and increased mean fire size.Generally,species abundance and its aggregation index(AI) remained higher level over simulation years at the fine-grained level of spatial aggregation than at coarser grains.In addition,the simulated forest dynamics was more realistic at finer grains.These results suggest that appropriate levels of spatial aggregation for the model should not be larger than 270m.