太白山自然保护区森林真菌资源调查研究

本文采用外业野外标本调查、采集,内业标本鉴定相结合的方法对太白山自然保护区森林真菌资源进行了调查研究:已鉴定、描述各类真菌284种,其中发现新科1个,新属1个,新种5个,中国新记录种13个,有食用和药用价值的真菌95种;同时研究了无林地段与林内温度、湿度的差异及对真菌群落结构的影响。该项研究丰富了太白山自然保护区生物多样性的内容,为世界菌物系统增加了新的成员,为太白山自然保护区的可持续保护和合理利用菌物资源提供了科学依据。

秦巴山区森林真菌资源开发利用的思考与建议

本文根据秦巴山区蕴藏的351种森林真菌及其生态类群研究，阐述了本区森林真菌资源的利用现状与开发前景，提出了加强森林真菌种质资源的开发利用和食药用真菌生物技术创新，提高森林菌品的质量、品牌与市场竞争能力。保障林业生态与种质安全。进而实现森林真菌产业的可持续、健康发展。

小兴安岭凉水自然保护区森林土壤真菌的多样性

20 0 1年 5月～ 9月 ,在小兴安岭凉水自然保护区椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、白桦林、落叶松人工林与红松人工林等林型内设立临时标准地 ,采用“之”字形路线及土壤剖面取样法多点采集土壤样品。采用稀释平板法和植物残渣法 ,选用PDA、孟加拉红和查氏 3种不同的培养基分别进行真菌的分离和培养。记录不同真菌的菌落数 (稀释平板法 ) ,通过观测菌落形态、生长速度和颜色 ,以及在光学显微镜下观察真菌的形态特征 ,鉴定出了 32个属的土壤真菌 ,其中中国新纪录属 3个 ,即链二孢属 (Bispora)、拟毛孢属 (Chaetopsina)、田字孢属 (Dictyoarthrinium)。研究结果表明 :土壤真菌区系与森林类型、土壤剖面层次密切相关 ,被孢霉属 (Mortierella)、青霉属 (Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)及轮枝孢属 (Verticillium) 为小兴安岭森林土壤真菌的优势种群 ,椴树红松林和枫桦红松林土壤真菌数量和种类明显多于其它 3种林型 ,下层土壤 (AB、B、C层 )真菌种类和数量明显少于A0和A1层。

土壤真菌在森林生态系统功能调控中的作用与意义

土壤微生物是土壤中看不见的大多数,它们构成了生命遗传多样性的很大一部分。土壤真菌作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,驱动主要的生物地球化学过程,并有助于维持地球上的植物生产力和物种丰富度,而在森林生态系统功能调控中扮演着重要角色。

树栖真菌群落多样性研究Ⅰ.──红松芽、叶及短枝栖真菌群落组成分析

文章提出了树栖真菌的概念,并且以红松为例,对芽栖真菌、叶栖真菌和短枝栖真菌在不同树龄与叶龄以及不同树冠层次的情况下,进行了树栖真菌的群落组成和数量分析。共分离获得芽、叶、短技栖真菌59种。

不同气候带森林土壤微生物多样性和群落构建特征

【目的】研究不同气候带森林土壤微生物的多样性特征和分布模式,为认识其多样性形成机制及加强森林生态系统管理提供依据。【方法】以温带针叶林(新疆喀纳斯,新疆库尔德宁)、暖温带针阔混交林(甘肃小陇山)、亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林(湖北木林子)和热带雨林(海南霸王岭)4种不同气候带森林为对象,在已经建立的固定样地采集土壤样品,利用Illumina测序技术分析不同气候带森林土壤细菌和真菌的多样性以及群落构建特征。【结果】土壤细菌多样性在暖温带针阔混交林中最高,即在沿气候梯度的5个地点样地中呈单峰分布;土壤真菌的香农指数在温带针叶林中最高,土壤真菌丰富度在热带雨林中最高。基于零模型数学框架分析发现,土壤细菌的群落构建主要由确定性过程主导,土壤真菌群落结构受随机性过程影响较大。典范对应分析(CCA)和Mantel test分析表明,土壤pH值(r=0.826,P<0.001)和植物多样性(r=0.474,P<0.001)与土壤细菌和真菌群落具有显著相关性。【结论】不同气候带的森林土壤细菌和真菌的多样性和群落结构都存在显著差异,土壤细菌和真菌具有不同的群落构建特征,土壤pH值和植物多样性是影响不同气候带森林土壤微生物多样性的重要因素。

甘肃连城国家级自然保护区七种大型真菌

甘肃连城国家级自然保护区复杂的地理环境和气候特点为大型真菌的生长提供了条件。经笔者调查研究，整理出灰锤科、麦角菌科、

云南松针上散斑壳的培养类型

四川二郎山云南松（Pinusyunnanensis）松针上散斑壳种有四川散斑秃（Lophodermiumsichuanense）、针叶树散斑壳（Lconigenum）、松针散斑壳（Lpinastri）印度散斑壳（Lindianum）,对主要种经单抱分离在2％MA（pH5.0）平板上25℃黑暗培养,按菌落形态特征、产孢状况,将L.sichuanense培养物划分为二个培养类型,Lconigenum划分五个培养类型,Lpinastri划分二个培养类型。在散斑壳种间及同一种的不同培养类型间,各培养物的生长适宜温度、适宜pH、适宜培养基以及产孢时间、产孢量等方面都存在着差异。

Optimum conditions for pure culture of major ectomycorrhizal fungi obtained from Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in southeastern Keerqin sandy lands, China

The effects of medium, pH, water potential and temperature on the culture for three pure strains （Lactarius deliciosus, Boletus edulis and Lactarius insulsus） of ectomycorrhizal fungi from plantation forests of Mongolian pine （Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica） on sandy lands were observed to obtain the optimum conditions for the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The results indicated that the three ectomycorrhizal fungi could grow well in the mediums containing natural components, such as vitamin, pine juice and yeast powder, pH had a slight effect on the growth of the three ectomycorrhizal fungi, and the optimum pH values were 6.0 for L. deliciosus, 5.0 for B. edulis, respectively. However, L. insulsus had a wide pH range, and it grew better than the other two strains in neutral and light alkalescent mediums. Water potential （produced by Polyethylene Glycol, PEG） had significant effects on the ecological adaptability for the tested three fungi strains. All of the three stains grow better at lower PEG concentration （100 g PEG.kg^-1 H2O）. The best water potential was 10% PEG concentration for all of the three stains. Temperatures, especially high temperatures induced the fungi death. The optimum temperature for the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi was 25-28℃ for all of the three stains.

Investigation of Macrofungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park at Yinshan Mountains

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the fungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park. [Method] More than 180 fungal specimens were collected from Wula Mountain National Forest Park from 2009 to 2012 for primarily studying the fungal species diversity. [Results] According to the classification system presented by Ainsworth et al. and with reference to the China catalogue of Macrofungi in species diversity catalogue of Fungi at Wula Mountain National Forest Park was written, involving in 80 species belonging to 43 genera, 22 families, 5 orders and 2 classes in the Basidiomycotina, and 6 species belonging to 2 genera, 2 families, 2 orders and2 classes in Ascomycotina, totally from 86 species, 45 genera, 7 orders, 24 families and 2 subdivisions. Among them, 49 species were edible and 22 species were medicinal, and 18 species were both edible and medicinal, and 7 species were poisonous, and 32 species were wood-rotting, and 5 species were mycorrhizal fungi,and 3 species were newly-recorded ones in Inner Mongolia. [Conclusion] There are still some specimens that have not been identified yet because of lack of literature,thus requiring further study for supplement.

Identification of Taxus cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc endophytic fungi─ new recorded-genus-species of China and the metabolite

A total of 94 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the bark of 200-yr.-old Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. in the primeval forest of the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve, and 19 species of endophytic fungi were identified. Among the taxa 2 new species and 1 new varied species as well as the 6 known species of China had been described in a previous article published on Journal of Forestry Research, Vol. 14 (4): 290-294 (2003). This paper made a detail description on the morpho-logical characteristics of the 9 new recorded-genus-species and 1 new record species with illustrations, including Staphy-lotrichum coccosporum Meyer et Nicot, Botryodema lateritium Papendoorf & Upadhyay, Oedocephalum glomerulosum (Rul-liard) Sacc., Trichosporonoides oedocephalis Haskins & Spencer, Beniowskia sphaeroidea (Kal Chbrenner et Caeke) Mason, Thermomyces verrucosus Pugh, Blakeman & Morgan-jones, Gilmaniella humicola Brron , Arthrinium sphaerosperma (Per.:Fr.) Ellis, Ambrosiella brunnea (Verrall) Batra, and Cytosporina notha Diedz (1 new record species). And the habitats, hosts, distribu-tions and fruiting periods were recorded for the new recorded-genus-species. The determination result of thin layer chroma-tography (TLC) showed that the liquid fermentation metabolites of the strains could not react positively with taxoids developer - the vanillic aldehyde and dilute bismuth potassium iodide.

Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Argane Forest Soil and Their Potential to Manage Mediterranean Fruit Fly （Ceratitis capitata）

The present study forms a part of biological control against the medfly （Ceratitis capitata） and seeks to isolate and determine the diversity of the medfly-associated entomopathogenic fungi in soil samples collected from Argane （Argania spinosa） forest, in different localities of Souss-Massa region. Search and isolation of the indigenous populations of Ceratitis capitata entomopathogenic fungi was carried out by using larvae of this pest as baits. After trapping, isolation and identification of fungal isolates, a pathogenicity test was used to select fungal strains that have significant virulence potential against the Mediterranean fruit fly. The degree of virulence was estimated by the ability of the fungus to induce the disease and/or the death in the insect and also by calculating the lethal time 50 （LT50）. The obtained results were clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of medfly to tested fungal strains and particularly to strains of Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger and Scopulariopsis sp. that have shown high mortality rates （more than 84%） and to Trichoderma harzianum, Scedosporium sp., Epicoeeum sp. and Ulocladium sp. with more than 70% mortality for the two tested concentrations. Furthermore these strains showed short LT50 （less than 83 hours）. All these results confirm the presence of entomopathogenic fungi of Ceratitis capitata in Argane soil, and prove the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol of the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions.

Loss of total phenols from leaf litter of two shrub species: dual responses to alpine forest gap disturbance during winter and the growing season

Aims Alpine forest gaps can control understory ecosystem processes by manipulating hydrothermal dynamics.Here,we aimed to test the role of alpine forest gap disturbance on total phenol loss(TPL)from the decomposing litter of two typical shrub species(willow,Salix paraplesia Schneid.,and bamboo,Fargesia nitida(Mitford)Keng f.).Methods We conducted a field litterbag experiment within a representative fir(Abies faxoniana Rehd.)forest based on‘gap openness treatments’(plot positions in the gap included the gap center south,gap center north,canopy edge,expanded edge and closed canopy).The TPL rate and litter surface microbial abundance(fungi and bacteria)of the two shrub species were measured during the following periods over 2 years:snow formation(SF),snow cover(SC),snow melting(ST),the early growing season(EG)and the late growing season(LG).Important Findings At the end of the study,we found that snow cover depth,freeze–thaw cycle frequency and the fungal copies g−1 to bacterial copies g−1 ratio had significant effects on litter TPL.The abundances of fungi and bacteria decreased from the gap center to the closed canopy during the SF,SC,ST and LG periods and showed the opposite trend during the EG periods.The rate of TPL among plot positions closely followed the same trend as microbial abundance during the first year of incubation.In addition,both species had higher rates of TPL in the gap center than at other positions during the first winter,first year and entire 2-year period.These findings suggest that alpine forest gap formation accelerates litter TPL,although litter TPL exhibits dual responses to gap disturbance during specific critical periods.In conclusion,reduced snow cover depth and duration during winter warming under projected climate change scenarios or as gaps vanish may slow litter TPL in alpine biomes.

Wood-inhabiting Fungi in Tieling,Liaoning Province

Wood-inhabiting fungi from Chengzishan and Binglashan Forest Park of Tieling, Liaoning Province,were investigated, and 70 species, belonging to 9 families in Basidiomycota, were found. Thirteen species,including Fomitiporia punctata, Funalia trogii, Ganoderma lipsiense, Inonotus hispidus, Inonotus radiatus,Inonotus pruinosus, Phylloporia ribis, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Oxyporus populinus, Pholiota squarrosa,Schizophyllum commone, Spongipellis spumeus, Trametes suaveolens are pathogens of living trees in thestudy area. A list of all species, including host(s) of each species, is given, and most of the species arereported for the first time in the province. The major elements of wood-inhabiting fungi in northernLiaoning are the species which are widely distributed in temperate forests. Almost no virgin forests werefound in Liaoning, therefore, the major part of the species is the common wood-inhabiting fungi, and onlya few rare species were found in the study area.

Some Useful Wild Macrofungi from Liuxihe National Forest Park,Guangzhou,China

Forty species of Basidiomycota from 21 genera in 15 families, collected from Liuxihe National Forest Park, Guangzhou, China, have values for use by local people. More than half of the species collected are edible, and some (Lactarius deliciosus, Boletus spp.) are gathered for commercial consumption in South China. Ten species have medicinal properties, and include Dictyophora, Ganoderma, Pisolithus and Scleroderma. Over 60% species (26 taxa) are ectomycorrhizal involving 12 edible fungi. The most abundant families were the Amanitaceae, Boletaceae and Sclerodermataceae, which form important ectomycorrhizal associations with coniferous and mixed broad-leafed trees in the Park. Prospective uses of these macrofungi are discussed.

Effects of Slope Aspects on Soil Bacterial and Arbuscular Fungal Communities in a Boreal Forest in China

The effects of slope aspects on soil biogeochemical properties and plant communities in forested environments have been studied extensively; however, slope aspect influence on soil microbial communities remains largely unexamined, despite the central role of soil biota in ecosystem functioning. In this study, the communities of both soil bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） were investigated using tagged pyrosequencing for three types of slope aspects （south-facing aspect, north-facing aspect and flat area） in a boreal forest of the Greater Khingan Mountains, China. The bacterial and AMF community composition differed with slope aspects. Bacterial diversity was the lowest on the north-facing aspect, and AMF diversity was the lowest on the flat area. Aspects also had a significant impact on soil pH and available phosphorus （P） and shrubby biomass. Soil pH and understory shrub biomass were significantly correlated with bacterial communities, and soil available P and shrub biomass showed significant correlations with AMF communities. Our results suggested that slope aspects affected bacterial and AMF communities, mediated by aspect-induced changes in plant community and soil chemical properties （e.g., pH and available P）, which improved the knowledge on the effects of forest slope aspects on aboveground and belowground communities.

Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Naturally Regenerating,Unmanaged and Clear-Cut Beech Forests

Clear-cutting, a management practice applied to many beech forests in the North of Spain, modifies microclimate and, consequently, the composition of the understory plant community in the disturbed areas. The objectives of this study were to assess if changes in the understory vegetation caused by altered light microclimate after clear-cutting affect the infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） on herbaceous plant species in beech （Fagus sylvatica L.） forests naturally regenerating from clear-cutting and to test if the use of bioassays for studying the infectivity of native AMF could provide useful information to improve the management of clear-cut areas. Three nearby beech forests in northwest Navarra, Spain, a region in the northwest part of the Pyrenees, were selected： an unmanaged forest, a forest clear-cut in 1996, and another forest clear-cut in 2001. High stem density in the forest clear-cut in 1996 （44 000 trees ha-1） attenuated photosynthetic active radiation （PAR） and impaired the growth of herbaceous species within the ecosystem. The percentage of AMF colonization of plants in bioassays performed on soil samples collected from the forest clear-cut in 1996 was always lower than 10S. In the forest clear-cut in 2001, where soil was covered by perennial grasses, PAR was high and the infectivity of native AMF achieved minimum values in spring and autumn and a maximum value in summer. In contrast, the infectivity of native AMF in the unmanaged forest remained similar across the seasons. Our results demonstrated that changes in the composition of understory vegetation within beech forests strongly affected the infectivity of native AMF in clear-cut areas and suggested that the assessment of the infectivity of native AMF through bioassays could provide helpful information for planning either the removal of overstory when the tree density is so high that it impairs the correct development of herbaceous species or the plantation of new seedlings when high light intensity negatively affects the establishment of shade species.

Mobilization of Inorganic Phosphorus from Soils by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Ectomycorrhizal(EM) fungi could form symbiosis with plant roots and participate in nutrient absorption; however, many EM species commonly found in forest soils, where phosphorus(P) concentration and availability are usually very low, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, have not yet been investigated for their efficiencies to mobilize soil P. In this study, fungal growth, P absorption,efflux of protons and organic acids, and soil P depletion by four isolates of EM fungi isolated either from acidic or calcareous soils were compared in pure liquid culture using soil as a sole P source. Boletus sp. 7(Bo 7), Lactarius deliciosus 3(Ld 3), and Pisolithus tinctorius 715(Pt 715) from acidic and P-deficient soils of southwestern China showed higher biomass and P concentration and accumulation than Cenococcum geophilum 4(Cg 4) from a calcareous soil of Inner Mongolia, northern China, after 4 weeks of liquid culture. Oxalate, malate, succinate, acetate, and citrate concentrations in the culture solutions varied significantly with fungal species,and oxalate accounted for 51.5%–91.4% of the total organic acids. Organic acids, particularly oxalate, in the culture solutions may lead to the solubilization of iron-bound P(Fe-P), aluminum-bound P(Al-P), and occluded P(O-P) from soil phosphates. Fungal species also varied greatly in proton efflux, which decreased the culture solution pH and may dissolve calcium-bound P(Ca-P) in soil.This could be the reason for the increment of both inorganic P in the culture solutions and Olsen P in the soil when EM fungi were present. Total inorganic P, the sum of Al-P, Fe-P, O-P, and Ca-P, in the culture solutions was positively correlated with the total concentration of organic acids in the culture solutions(r = 0.918*, n = 5), but negatively with both the total inorganic P in soil(r =-0.970**, n = 5) and the culture solution pH(r =-0.830*, n = 5). These suggested variable efficiencies of EM fungal species to mobilize inorganic P fractions from soil, which could make EM trees to utilize inorganic P in the same way like EM fungi and adapt to the soils with various P concentrations and availabilities.