19世纪中后期澳大利亚居民的森林观与有关环剥树皮的争论

19世纪,澳大利亚居民的森林观经历了一个变化的过程。早期移民认为,澳大利亚的森林资源是取之不竭的,而且"憎恨"那些妨碍他们获得土地的粗粝树木,由此便通过环剥树皮等方式清理林地。19世纪中后期,在欧美森林环境学说的影响下,澳大利亚人围绕森林功能和环剥树皮进行了大讨论,从中很多人认可了森林的环境保护功能,逐渐萌生了保护森林的思想。但同时,环剥树皮行为反而变本加厉,在新南威尔士环剥树皮甚至取得了合法地位。这种矛盾的现象是保护森林和经济利益取向两种趋势激烈交锋的体现,追求经济利益、实力雄厚的牧场主阶层最终占了上风,法律法规的缺失和当时的科学水平有限也是导致环剥树皮活动肆虐的重要因素。澳大利亚环剥树皮的历史反映了环保意识刚刚觉醒,但经济利益仍然当先的时代特征。

从《关于林木盗窃法的辩论》看马克思的森林立法观

马克思的森林立法观是在批判资产阶级法制的基础上提出的。马克思运用利益分析的方法,揭露了资产阶级森林立法的本质,指出林木所有者的私人利益是资产阶级森林立法的灵魂,林木所有者的私人利益败坏了森林立法的正义品格,从而主张森林立法应以人为本,以社会为本,以公益为重心,坚持普遍联系的思想。

基于WSR系统方法论的森林系统观和林业系统观

文章在介绍物理—事理—人理系统方法论的基础上,着重阐述了如何将物理的方法论应用于森林生态系统观,将事理的方法论应用于林业系统观,将人理的方法论应用于森林可持续经营。

贵州省平坝县森林景观异质性研究

运用平坝县森林资源分布图,通过透明网格纸人工统计有关数据,分别计算景观要素优势度、景观斑块密度、景观要素斑块密度和森林景观粒级结构,由此对平坝县的森林景观异质性进行了静态分析。研究表明,平坝县森林景观受环境因子、植被自然演替和人类活动的共同控制,总体异质程度较高。控制因子中,人类活动影响最大。

马克思的森林立法观探微

文章从马克思的文本当中梳理出马克思的森林立法观的主要思想。马克思的森林立法观包括法哲学观、价值观和生态观。法哲学观是马克思森林立法观的哲学基础，价值观是森林立法的灵魂，生态观是森林立法的根本遵循。法哲学观、价值观和生态观三者相互依存、相互作用，共同构成马克思的森林立法观的有机整体。马克思的森林立法观对新时代中国特色森林立法实践具有重大理论和现实意义。

新《中华人民共和国森林法》的理念转向、制度革新与待解难题

新《中华人民共和国森林法》顺应时代需求,实现了从树木到森林的生态观转向,从注重树木的生态价值到重视森林生态系统的生态功能。在制度革新上,新《中华人民共和国森林法》建立了全方位的生态保护机制,固定了林业改革成果,解决了困扰多年的实务难题。但新法也存在待解难题:林权概念有待澄清、采伐指标与森林经营方案的对接面临考验、林业管理难度加大、林业行政执法面临严重危机等,这些问题需要在未来的发展中加以解决。

我国少数民族的森林文化

阐述了在我国少数民族中普遍的森林生态伦理观与民族宗教中的森林生态观,系统总结了少数民族独特的植物文化、林地经营技术文化与森林文化艺术,对当前构建森林可持续经营理论体系具有借鉴意义。

Characteristic Change of Several Forest Landscapes Between 1896 and 1986 in Heilongjiang Province

Five forest landscapes in the maps of forest distribution in Heilongjiang Province in 1896 and 1986 were digitized and analyzed through GIS software. The results show that during the 90 years the total patch areas for Picea and Abies forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvin forest and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. forest had decreased about 87%, 40% and 84%, respectively. However, the total patch areas for broad leaved forest at the north of 51°N area had increased about 500%. The north frontier of broad leaved forest had moved towards northwest about 290 km. The fractal dimensions of Picea and Abies forest and mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest in 1986 were less than theirs in 1896, respectively. However, the fractal dimension of Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest were more than theirs in 1896, respectively. Picea and Abies forest, Pinus synvestris forest, Pinus koraiensis and broad leaved forest became more fragmented. The transition percentages of Pinus sylvestris forest, Picea and Abies forest, Pinus koraiensis forest to themselves were less than the percentages to the mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest, respectively.

马克思的森林立法观——以《关于林木盗窃法的辩论》为主要分析对象

马克思的森林立法观是在批判资产阶级法制的基础上提出的。马克思运用利益分析的方法,揭露了资产阶级森林立法的本质,指出林木所有者的私人利益是资产阶级森林立法的灵魂,林木所有者的私人利益败坏了森林立法的正义品格,从而主张森林立法应具有阶序性,应以人为本,以社会为本位,以公益为重心,坚持普遍联系的思想。

Analysis of Forest Landscape Pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve,Guangdong

[Objective] The study was to analyze the forest landscape in Nanling Na- tional Nature Reserve to provide information for the protection of local forest ecosys- tems. [Method] With the documents of 1：10 000 topographic maps, updated Forest Resource Inventory Data, based on the GIS platform and Fragstats software, the paper analyzed the patterns and heterogeneity of forest landscapes by adopting the landscape ecological theory and the method of landscape index. [Result] The forest landscape types, in terms of area occupation from large to small, are in the order of evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, shrubs, mixed needle leaf forest, suitable land for forest deciduous broad-leaved forest and non-forest. [Conclusion] Overall, the Reserve had maintained sufficient forest landscape diversity with a low level fragmentation. The distribution of various types of forest landscape was extremely uneven, dominated by several types such as evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, etc.

Measurement assessment of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster

Based on the analysis of forest inner mechanism, forest benefit in re ducing flood disaster is defined. Through the characteristic analysis of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster, it is suggested that it is impossible to ado pt the microanalysis method for studying the forest benefit in reducing flood, t he macro analysis is the only method to be adopted. With the special case of dis aster flooding of Changjiang River happened in 1998, the forest benefit in reduc ing flood disaster was scientifically assessed. The estimated results of forest benefit in reducing flood shows that forest vegetation establishment is the radi cal way to control flood, but it only equals to 5 percent of the total benefits of water conservancy facilities.

Dynamic of forest landscape in Heilongjiang Province for one century

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, coefficient of patch size variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, we studied the change of forest landscape pattern and the change of each patch types in this region. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually, and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Human impact, instead of climate change and forest community succession, is the most important reason for such dramatic changes.

Analysis of Landscape Diversities in Maolan Forests

With Maolan Nature Reserve as an example, its forest landscape characteristics and diversity were studied by utilizing GIS. The results showed that the overall forest landscape in Maolan Nature Reserve was quite good, but with the increasing natural interferences and human activities, shrub forests and non-woodland landscape types have been multiplied; among the 3 functional zones of the Nature Reserve, landscape fragmentation degree is low in core zone and buffer zone, but high in experimental zone.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

Vegetation landscape structure and dynamics in sandy forest-steppe ecotone

Sandy forest-steppe ecotone in Baiyinaobao Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China is one of the special landscape types in forest-steppe vegetation zone in China. Vegetation landscape types, landscape patches, and patch size were measured by the field investigation, forest photograph, and airscape. The structure of landscape patches in sandy forest-steppe ecotone, including composition structure, and size structure, was studied and the dynamics and transformation of landscape patches were analyzed. The data obtained in this study could provide theoretical basis for the research on vegetation landscape in forest-steppe ecotones and other vegetation types.

Research advance in forest restoration on the burned blanks

How to restore the destroyed forest after forest fire is a key question that man must face. This paper reviewed the research situation and history on the forest restoration burned blanks and summed up the research methods used into four scales: seed-bank scale, community scale, ecosystem scale and landscape scale. The new technologies such as GIS & Remote Sensing used to vegetation restoration were also summarized. The strategies and developing trend of vegetation restoration research on burned blanks were discussed.

Modified method for extraction of watershed boundary with digital elevation modeling

Boundary extraction of watershed is an important step in forest landscape research. The boundary of the upriver wa-tershed of the Hunhe River in the sub-alpine Qingyuan County of eastern Liaoning Province, China was extracted by digital elevation modeling (DEM) data in ArcInfo8.1. Remote sensing image of the corresponding region was applied to help modify its copy according to Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) image抯 profuse geomorphological structure information. Both the DEM-dependent boundary and modified copy were overlapped with county map and drainage network map to visually check the effects of result. Overlap of county map suggested a nice extraction of the boundary line since the two layers matched precisely, which indicated the DEM-dependent boundary by program was effective and precise. Further upload of drainage network showed discrepancies between the boundary and the drainage network. Altogether, there were three sections of the extraction result that needed to correct. Compared with this extraction boundary, the modified boundary had a better match to the drainage network as well as to the county map. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the program extraction has generally fine precision in position and excels the digitized result by hand. The errors of the DEM-dependant extraction are due to the fact that it is difficult for program to recognize sections of complex landform especially altered by human activities, but these errors are discernable and adjustable because the spatial resolution of ETM image is less than that of DEM. This study result proved that application of remote sensing information could help obtain better result when DEM method is used in extraction of watershed boundary.

Effect of Mixed Forests of Chinese Fir and Tsoong's Tree on Soil Properties

An investigation and on 13 year old (1984～1996) Chinese fir and Tsoong's tree mixed forests in Jianou City, Fujian Province, China was carried out to compare the influences of different interplanting types of individual tree tree, row row, row strip (three rows) and pure Chinese fir stands on soil properties. Compared with the pure stands of Chinese fir, the mixed stands exerted a positive effect on soil fertility, with increases in soil organic matter, total N, available P and available K. Moreover, improvements were also observed in soil enzymatic activities, aggregate structure, structure stability, status of soil porosity, soil aeration and penetrability in mixed stands. The row row interplanted stands had the best effect on tree growth and soil properties among these mixed forests. In the southern subtropical region, the spreading of the row row mixing model of the two tree species would be helpful to preventing the soil from fertility deterioration caused by successive plantation of Chinese fir.

Assessment of forest geospatial patterns over the three giant forest areas of China

Geospatial patterns of forest fragmentation over the three traditional giant forested areas of China （Northeastern, southwestern and Southern China） were analyzed comparatively and reported based on a 250-m resolution land cover dataset. Specifically, the spatial patterns of forest fragmentation were characterized by combining geospatial metrics and forest fragmentation models. The driving forces resulting in the differences of the forest spatial patterns were also investigated. Results suggested that forests in southwest China had the highest severity of forest fragmentation, followed by south region and northeast region. The driving forces of forest fragmentation in China were primarily the giant population and improper exploitation of forests. In conclusion, the generated information in the study provided valuable insights and implications as to the fragmentation patterns and the conservation of hiodiversity or genes, and the use of the chosen geospatial metrics and forest fragmentation models was quite useful for depicting forest fragmentation patterns.

Simulating Impact of Larch Caterpillar(Dendrolimus superans)on Fire Regime and Forest Landscape in Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeast China

Larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans) is very common in the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China, affecting fire regime and forest ecosystem change at large spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of fire regime and forest landscape under four larch caterpillar disturbance intensity levels scenarios in Huzhong forest area, northern of Da Hinggan Mountains. The results indicate that larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease fine fuel load and increase coarse fuel load in the 300 simulation years. Larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease fire frequency in the first 200 years, and the disturbances also decrease fire intensity and fire risk in the early and late stage of simulation. Larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease the area percent of larch cohorts and increase the proportion of white birch, and increase the degree of aggregation of white birch as a result of its strong seed dispersal and colonization ability. Disturbances would also decrease the mature and over-mature larch cohorts and increase all cohorts of white birch, especially the mature and over-mature cohorts. Larch caterpillar disturbances will decrease the stability of forest landscape, therefore,some measures preventing in- sect outbreak and ensuring the sustainable management of forest ecosystem should been taken in the study area.