基于绿色植保理念的无公害农作物栽培技术及病虫害防治

无公害农作物栽培技术能够减少耕种过程中对周边自然生态环境的污染,并通过采用合理的病虫害防治技术,确保农作物产量的提高,为农民带来良好的经济效益,在绿色植护理念下,合理使用无公害农作物栽培技术及病虫害防治技术,不仅为我国农业发展带来极大帮助,也进一步贯彻我国绿色环保理念,但在使用无公害农作物栽培技术的过程中,还需要根据实际情况适当调整,才能够更好地适应地区环境及农作物栽培需求。因此,分析绿色植保理念下无公害农作物栽培技术及病虫害防治,研究无公害农作物栽培技术与病虫害防治存在的问题,并提出优化建议,能够为更多农民提供一定参考,鼓励其合理使用栽培技术,促进我国农业种植技术的不断发展。

黑龙江中游右岸塌岸防护对策

黑龙江中游右岸中兴、同仁塌岸严重，１９９１年松辽委规划处对中兴、同仁两塌岸段进行了规划设计，总造阶４３６２．２６万元，由于资金不到位而暂未买施。中共、同仁塌岸地处黑松两江的冲积平原，该县境内无山少石，护岸需材料匾乏且价格高昂，文中纪合群众经验提出：利用机械削坡再造新的岸边地貌解决由重力导致的塌岸机制；选用防风固土植物进行植护，解决冻害对刚性材料的破坏；用模袋混合料代替块石进行岸基水下固脚护床，解决由径流冲刷造成的塌岸机制；削坡土再次利用降低护岸工程造阶。

The mangrove and its conservation in Leizhou Peninsula, China

Leizhou Peninsula, located at southem end of mailand China, has 9 284.3 ha mangrove distributed more than 100 sites along its inlets and open coastlines. This paper presents the surveys on mangrove area in Leizhou Peninsula during 2000 and 2008, especially the survey in the eight major mangrove areas in 2002. The flora recorded in mangrove systems includes 69 large algea species, 13 native true mangrove species, nine native semi-mangrove species, and another seven intoduced true mangrove species with Sonneratia apetala as the quickest growing exotic mangrove species dominatant in the mangrove plantations, and more than 100 land flora species, consisting of 17 main mangrove associations. The plant biodiversity habitats remained mainly small patches and diverse, and were becoming worse under the intensive disturbance of human acitivities and coastal pollutions, which decreased the value of mangrove coasts as the important sites for flying-by migrating birds in Leizhou Peninsula. The effective mangrove conservation measures should be implemented.

A Preliminary Study on Conservation Genetics of Three Endangered Orchid Species

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析研究了中国 3种珍稀濒危兰科植物硬叶兜兰 (PaphiopedilummicranthumTangetWang)、麻栗坡兜兰 (P .malipoenseS .C .ChenetTsi)和独花兰 (ChangnieniaamoenaChien)的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构。 12个RAPD引物在 2种兜兰中共扩增出 131条带。对 4个硬叶兜兰群体的检测表明其物种水平的多态条带百分率 (PPB)为 71.6 % ,Nei的基因多样度 (h)为 0 .2 171,Shannon多样性指数 (I)为 0 .330 1;4个群体的平均多样性水平为PPB =45 .2 % ,h =0 .145 7,I =0 .2 2 0 4,低于远交兰花的平均水平。在总遗传变异中 ,群体间遗传变异占 2 0 .31% ,略高于远交物种的平均水平。在物种水平上 ,麻栗坡兜兰的PPB为 49.5 % ,h为 0 .1174,I为0 .176 4,均大大低于硬叶兜兰。对 11个独花兰群体采用 16个RAPD引物共扩增出 119条带。物种水平PPB =76 .5 % ,h =0 .1941,I=0 .30 5 8;在群体水平上 ,上述 3个指标的平均值则分别为 37.2 %、0 .1197和 0 .1810 ,均低于远交兰花的平均水平。群体间的遗传变异占 45 .2 7% ,遗传分化明显高于远交物种的平均水平。导致 3个物种遗传多样性偏低而群体间遗传分化较高的主要原因在于人为的过度采挖和生境的片断化。

Fifty Years of Botanical Gardens in China

The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.

华山松在太原市森林公园的定植与管护

城市园林是衡量城市现代化文明程度的重要标志,是提升城市品位,满足人民群众物质文化生活水平需要的重要功能区。文章分析了华山松的特性及地理分布,结合太原市森林公园的自然条件,提出了华山松栽培后管护的具体做法。

A Preliminary Study on Conservation Genetics of Endangered Vatica guangxiensis (Dipterocarpaceae)

运用 2 0个 10碱基随机引物 ,对中国龙脑香科 (Dipterocarpaceae)特有的珍稀濒危植物版纳青梅 (VaticaguangxiensisX .L .Mo)进行了RAPD多态性分析。 3个自然居群和 1个迁地保护居群 (分布于云南和广西 )共扩增出2 31个位点 ,多态位点所占比例 (PPB)为 5 3.6 8% ;观察等位基因数na =1.5 36 8,有效等位基因数ne =1.2 878,Nei基因多样性指数h为 0 .16 86 ,居群内的遗传多样性水平较低。基于AMOVA和POPGENE的结果均表明居群内的遗传变异大于居群间的遗传变异。居群内的遗传变异为 5 5 .0 9% ,居群间的变异为 44 .91% (AMOVA) ;基因分化系数Gst为 0 .3746 (POPGENE) ,表明居群间存在高水平的遗传分化。研究结果对该濒危植物的保护有重要意义。考虑到低水平的遗传多样性和高水平的居群分化 ,通过居群间种子和幼苗的交换来促进基因流是可行的保护方案。迁地保护居群 (ML)不具最高的遗传多样性 ,表明为了保护此濒危物种的全部遗传变异 。

The Analysis of the Influencing Factors on the Implementing Effects of Plant Breeders' Rights(PBR)System in China

The implementing effects of plant breeders＇ rights（PBR）system is influenced by many factors,such as knowledge of the PBR system,the expense of time for the application and approval,the cost of the applying case,etc..Statistical analysis was carried out based on the above influencing factors by means of questionnaire to find out specific reasons.The result suggests that weak propagandizing;inappropriate propagandizing patterns and obstructed approaches for new regulations are all negatively contributing to the PBR.Meanwhile,current PBR system in China which has been found with many irrational aspects affected the impractical design of regulatory operation and the examining efficiency.Lastly,several suggestions were offered on the base of the results.

Slope Protection with Vegetation of Baoji(Shaanxi)-Hanzhong(Shaanxi) Expressway

With expressway development and environment protection consciousness improving, slope protection technology with vegetation has drawn much more attention. From the perspective of ecology, Baoji-Hanzhong Expressway maximized slope protection technology with vegetation and formed attracting landscapes on basis of eco-protection. This research introduced the technology of Baoji-Hanzhong Expressway, and explored a low-cost and effective biological slopeprotection way, suitable for Baoji-Hanzhong Expressway, according to slope protection technologies, at home and abroad, with botany, water and soil conservation engineering, and architecture, which fixed and stabilized slopes, prevented rainfall scouring, and advanced slope protection development in China.

Investigation on the Rare and Endangered Plants in the Fenhe Source

Fouty-eight species of rare and endanged plants in the Fenhe Source,belong to 21 families 37 genera.There were 1specie of national second-class protected plant and 3 species of national third-class plants;4 species of first-class protected plants,6 species of second-class protected plants and 14 species of third-class protected plants in Shanxi Province.On the basis of analyzing the endanged reasons,related protection countemeasures were put forward in this article.

Distribution pattern of rare plants along riparian zone in Shennongjia Area

Due to the importance of riparian zone in maintaining and protecting regional biodiversity, increasingly more ecologists paid their attentions to riparian zone and had been aware of the important effects of riparian zone in basic study and practical management. In this study, 42 sampling belts (10 m?00 m) parallel to the bank of Xiangxi River at different elevations in Shennongjia Area were selected to investigate the riparian vegetation and rare plants. 14 species of rare plants were found distributing in riparian zone, accounting for 42.4% of the total rare plant species in Shennongjia Area. The main distribution range of the 14 rare plant species was the evergreen and deciduous mixed broadleaved forest at elevation of 1200-1800 m, where, species diversity of plant community was the maximum at the moderate elevation. The analysis of TWINSPAN divided the 14 rare species into 3 groups against the elevation, namely low elevation species group, moderate elevation species group, and high elevation species group. The analysis of DCA ordination showed similar results to that of TWINSPAN. In the paper, the authors discussed the reasons forming the distribution pattern of rare plant species, and pointed out that the important function of riparian zone on rare plant species protection.

Dual protective role of HO-1 in transplanted liver grafts:A review of experimental and clinical studies

Liver transplantation is considered as the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease.However,serious complications still exist,particularly in two aspects:ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the liver,causing postoperative hepatic dysfunction and even failure;and acute and chronic graft rejections,affecting the allograft survival.Heme oxygenase(HO),a stressresponse protein,is believed to exert a protective function on both the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) and graft rejection.In this review of current researches on allograft protection,we focused on the HO-1.We conjecture that HO-1 may link these two main factors affecting the prognosis of liver transplantations.In this review,the following aspects were emphasized:the basic biological functions of HO-1,itsroles in IRI and allograft rejection,as well as methods to induce HO-1 and the prospects of a therapeutic application of HO-1 in liver transplantation.

Liver-protecting effects of omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion in liver transplantation

AIM:To investigate the liver-protecting effect of parenteral nutrition(PN) support with omega-3 fatty acids in a randomized controlled clinical trial.METHODS:Sixty-six patients with the diagnosis of end-stage liver disease or hepatic cellular carcinoma were admitted to the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital,Nanjing University,China for orthotopic liver transplantation.The patients were randomly divided into two groups:PN group(n = 33) and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) group(n = 33).All patients received isocaloric and isonitrogenous PN for seven days after surgery,and in PUFA group omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion replaced part of the standard lipid emulsion.Liver function was tested on days 2 and 9 after surgery.Pathological examination was performed after reperfusion of the donor liver and on day 9.Clinical outcome was assessed based on the post-transplant investigations,including:(1) post-transplant mechanical ventilation;(2) total hospital stay;(3) infectious morbidities;(4) acute and chronic rejection;and(5) mortality(intensive care unit mortality,hospital mortality,28-d mortality,and survival at a one-year post-transplant surveillance period).RESULTS:On days 2 and 9 after operation,a significant decrease of alanine aminotransferase(299.16 U/L ± 189.17 U/L vs 246.16 U/L ± 175.21 U/L,P = 0.024) and prothrombin time(5.64 s ± 2.06 svs 2.54 s ± 1.15 s,P = 0.035) was seen in PUFA group compared with PN group.The pathological results showed that omega-3 fatty acid supplement improved the injury of hepatic cells.Compared with PN group,there was a significant decrease of post-transplant hospital stay in PUFA group(18.7 d ± 4.0 d vs 20.6 d ± 4.6 d,P = 0.041).Complications of infection occurred in 6 cases of PN group(2 cases of pneumonia,3 cases of intra-abdominal abscess and 1 case of urinary tract infection),and in 3 cases of PUFA group(2 cases of pneumonia and 1 case of intra-abdominal abscess).No acute or chronic rejection and hospital mortality were found in both groups.The one-year mortality in PN group was 9.1%(3/33),one died of pulmonary infection,one died of severe intra-hepatic cholangitis and hepatic dysfunction and the other died of hepatic cell carcinoma recurrence.Only one patient in PUFA group(1/33,3.1%) died of biliary complication and hepatic dysfunction during follow-up.CONCLUSION:Post-transplant parenteral nutritional support combined with omega-3 fatty acids can significantly improve the liver injury,reduce the infectious morbidities,and shorten the post-transplant hospital stay.

Functional conservation of the meiotic genes SDS and RCK in male meiosis in the monocot rice

The Arabidopsis SDS （SOLO DANCERS） and RCK （ROCK-N-ROLLERS） genes are important for male meiosis, but it is still unknown whether they represent conserved functions in plants. We have performed phylogenetic analyses of SDS and RCK and their respective homologs, and identified their putative orthologs in poplar and rice. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that rice SDS and RCK are expressed preferentially in young flowers, and transgenic RNAi rice lines with reduced expression of these genes exhibited normal vegetative development, but showed significantly reduced fertility with partially sterile flowers and defective pollens. SDS deficiency also caused a decrease in pollen amounts. Further cytological examination of male meiocytes revealed that the SDS deficiency led to defects in homolog interaction and bivalent formation in meiotic prophase I, and RCK deficiency resulted in defective meiotic crossover formation. These results indicate that rice SDS and RCK genes have similar functions to their Arabidopsis orthologs. Because rice and Arabidopsis, respectively, are members of monocots and eudicots, two largest groups of flowering plants, our results suggest that the functions of SDS and RCK are likely conserved in flowering plants.

Study on Original Ecological Tridimensional Slope Vegetation

No matter from the perspective of slope protection, landscape effect and construction cost, or from the perspective of ecological benefit, the development of original ecological tridimensional vegetation has become the inevitable trend for slope vegetation in pursuit of protecting ecological condition, decreasing soil erosion, maintaining ecological balance and beautifying environment of slope. The concept of original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is proposed in this paper, and the original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. Specifically, the mechanical effect of slope vegetation in reinforcing the cohesion and shear strength of soil mass is firstly discussed, and then experiments are performed to study the water interception and containing function of slope under various vegetation conditions. Moreover, the relation between soil moisture and cohesion, the relation between root distribution density and cohesion, and the relation between root distribution density and soil shear strength are also studied based on experiments.Finally, based on field observation, the soil erosion states of slope under various vegetation conditions are comparatively studied. It is found that the original ecological tridimensional slope, which combines grass,shrub and tree, can generate comprehensive slope protection effects, and hence strengthen the slope protection ability and bring multiple slope protection benefits. Thereby, the theoretical foundation for developing original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is established.

Effect of N and K Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Greenhouse Vegetable Crops

The application of large amounts of fertilizers, a conventional practice in northern China for the production of vegetable crops, generally leads to substantial accumulation of soil nutrients within a relatively short period of time. A fixed field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） fertilizers applied to optimize the yield and quality of typical vegetable crops. Application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased the yields of kidney bean. The largest yields were obtained in the first and second years after application of 1 500 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha^-1. In the third year, however, there was a general decline in yields. Maximum yields occurred when intermediate rates of N and K （750 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha 1） were applied. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of vitamin C （VC） in kidney bean among different years and various rates of fertilizer treatments. Yields of tomato grown in rotation after kidney bean showed significant responses to the application of N and K in the first year. In the second year, the yields of tomato were much lower. This suggested that the application of N fertilizer did not have any effect upon tomato yield, whereas application of K fertilizer did increase the yield. Application of K fertilizer was often associated with increased sugar concentrations.

Allelopathic effects of leaf litters of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on some forest and agricultural crops

Allelopathic effects of different doses of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf litters were investigated through an experiment in the green house of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Three popular agricultural crops： Falen （Vigna unguiculata）, Chickpea （Cicer arietinum）, Arhor （Cajanus cajan） and two widely used plantation trees： Sada koroi （Albizia procera） and Ipil ipil （Leucaena leucocephala） were selected as bioassay species. Experiment was set on tray at room temperature 27℃. The effects of different doses of leaf litter extracts were compared to the control. Results suggest that leaf litters of E, camaldulesis induced inhibitory effects, It was also found that the effect depend on concentration of extract and litterfall, type of receiver species. Higher concentration of the materials had the higher effect and vice versa. Though all the bioassay species were suppressed some of them showed better performance. Vigna unguiculata, Cicer arietinum are recommended in agroforestry based on this present Experiment output. In mixed plantation, Leucaena leucochephala is a better choice while compared to Albizia procera.

Vegetation Composition and Structure of Some NeotropicaMountain Grasslands in Brazil

The description and understanding of plant communities is fundamental for the implementation of conservation or restoration programs, especially when these communities are highly threatened and need to be restored.Campos rupestres, some Neotropical mountain grasslands located in central Brazil and part of the Cerrado biome(covering 2 million km2) host unique plant communities, currently threatened by quarrying and mining.The grassy matrix of campos rupestres, has long been considered a rich mosaic under the control of local topography and the nature of substrate, but this affirmation has not been well studied.We analyzed whether plant communities varied in relation to edaphic factors within the stony substrate and the sandy substrate of this grassy matrix.We selected 5 sites where occur both grasslands on stony substrate and on sandy substrate, and we carried out vegetation surveys and soil analyses.We counted 222 plant species within our communities, among which38.6% are exclusively found on campos rupestres.Our results show that both soil-types are strongly acidic, nutrient poor and exhibit a seasonal variation.Phosphorus increases and p H and organic carbon decrease during the dry season.Stony soils areslightly richer in nutrients than sandy soils and differences in soil granulometry and composition have led to the formation of distinct plant communities.Some species are confined to either one or the other grassland-type, which makes the plant composition of each community unique.Variations in edaphic factors generate heterogeneous grasslands favorable to a high plant diversity.Conservation programs and restoration actions have to maintain or recreate this heterogeneity.The presence of distinct plant communities implies that different strategies might be adopted to improve the restoration of these ecosystems.

Applications of Trichoderma formulations in crop protection

The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic capacity, and these are likely to be more useful in food production systems since they have not adverse effects on important groups of beneficial soil organisms. We have assessed the performance of selected naturally occurring Trichoderma strains (singly and in combination) and developed TUSAL, a mixture of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride that has demonstrated to be effective against major pathogens in sugar beet and horticulture. TUSAL, has been bulked up and tested under field conditions, showing positive effects on precocity and root development, and increasing the crop production in field trials carried out in different pathosystems. The environmental impact of TUSAL strains on beneficial organisms in the environment were assessed before release, and molecular detection methods were developed to monitor the presence and performance of strains in the field. In addition, Trichoderma protein extracts with high glucanase and chitinase activities, have also been obtained from wild type strains and their effectiveness as biofungicides was tested in laboratory and field conditions, defining the concentration of protein necessary to produce fungicide effects. The genes coding for protein production were introduced into suitable organisms for large-scale production in the laboratory, never released to the environment. The effect of these novel biofungicide proteins was studied separately and synergistically with Trichoderma conidia, and with minimal doses of chemical fungicides. Suitable active Trichoderma strains are being registered in the EU by the company NBT. Both Trichoderma strains and proteins are included in formulations patented as biocontrol agents.

Assessing Conservation Values of Forest Communities in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve: Plant Diversity, Species Distribution and Endemicity

Present study has been conducted in a biodiversity rich Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve between 2000-3800 m in two different forest physiognomy holding sites to analyze the structure and composition of the forest communities including richness of native, non native and endemic species,and suggest conservation values at community and reserve level.A total of 60 sites were sampled and grouped in 11 and 8 communities for two representative sites Pindari-Sunderdhunga-Kafni(PSK) and Lata-Tolma-Phagti(LTP) respectively.From the sampled sites, 451 species(11.8%, 53 trees;17.71%, 80 shrubs; and 70.51%, 318 herbs) have been recorded.In general, PSK site represented 73.6% and LTP site represented only 54.9% of the total plant species recorded in the study area.Out of total species in PSK site, native species contributed 59.6%(198spp.) and 24.7% species were endemic and near endemic.In LTP site, 66.5% species were Himalayan natives and 33.5% were endemic and near endemic.The species richness ranged from 4-23 ind ha-1(tree),3-18 ind ha-1(sapling), 5-19 ind ha-1(seedling) in PSK site and 4-18 ind ha-1(tree), 4-11 ind ha-1(sapling), 4-16 ind ha-1(seedling) in LTP site.The density ranged from 260-535 ind ha-1(tree), 145-633 ind ha-1(sapling), 1450-8170 ind ha-1(seedling) in PSK site and 599-1211 ind ha-1(tree), 70-951 ind ha-1(sapling),470-1665 ind ha-1(seedling) in LTP site.Species diversity for trees ranged from 0.73-3.37, saplings,0.64-2.67, seedlings, 0.70-2.51, shrubs, 1-2.34 and herbs, 2.02-3.21 in PSK site and 0.63-1.61, saplings,0.76-1.36, seedlings, 0.35-1.79, shrubs, 0.98-2.73 and herbs, 2.48-3.61 in LTP site.These recorded values were almost comparable with the studies conducted in sub-tropical, temperate and sub-alpine regions of the west Himalaya.In some cases the values were slightly higher than the reported values.The important communities with high conservation values have been identified based on different ecological parameters and species distribution.Among all the prioritized communities, Mixed Silver firRhododendron-Maple community in PSK site and Taxus wallichana- A.pindrow mixed community in LTP site supports maximum richness and density of native and endemic species.This study calls for development of adequate strategy and action plan for the conservation and management of habitats, species,and communities under changing climate and socioeconomic scenarios, so that sustainable utilization of the species could be ensured.