植物“精油”的护发功效解析

植物"精油"相对于矿物油、硅油,在防御物理损伤、改善头发强韧性、维护头发健康光泽等方面具有更明显的优势。本文从发干护理和头皮护理两方面,解析了植物"精油"护发功效的机理。

Initial Screening of 10 Plant Essential Oils in Vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Blueberry Pathogens

In order to develop natural antistaling agent for blueberries preservation,the antibacterial activities of 10 kinds of plant essential oils were analyzed by oxford-cup test and tube dilution method,and their inhibitory abilities to two kinds of representative Gram bacteria which are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,and three kinds of harmful fungi in blueberries,involving Alternaria alternata,Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea,were tested.The results showed that 7 kinds of essential oils can inhibit the three fungi,among which cinnamon oil,clove oil,anise oil and thyme oil have strong fungi static efficacy.Cinnamon oil and thyme oil can effectively inhibit the Gram-positive bacterium(Staphylococcus aureus);cinnamon oil and masson pine oil are strongly inhibitory to Gram-negative bacterium(E.coli).Cinnamon oil has broad-spectrum ability to inhibit fungi,Gram-negative and positive bacteria,with a minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)ranging from 0.0391 to 0.1560 L/mL.With strong inhibition effects on fungi,cinnamon oil can be used as a compound base oil and mixed with other essential oils to retain the freshness of blueberries,thus achieving better antibacterial and anti-corrosion effects.

Efficiency of Some Plant Essential Oils on Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita

During the last few decades, researchers have been in the search for environmental friendly ways to cope with agricultural pests, instead of using chemical pesticides. The use of essential oils has a high potential to become an alternative control strategy against plant parasitic nematodes. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 10 essential oils （Artemisia absinthium, Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus citriodora, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Thymus serpyllum and Zingiber officinale） against the second stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The aqueous solutions of these essential oils have been applied to the second stage juveniles in three different concentrations （1%, 3% and 5%） at four different application time intervals （12, 24, 48 and 72 h）. The interactions between the variables have been examined with repeated measure analysis of variance （ANOVA）. This showed that the interactions of essential oil-time and essential oil-concentration were statistically significant, and it is concluded that L. officinalis, A. absinthium, P. nigrum, C. bergamia and M. arvensis have the most toxic effect in all concentrations and times, respectively.

Essential Oils Composition of Two Endemic Umbelliferae Herbs Growing Wild in Turkey

The present study was carried out to determine the essential oil composition of aerial parts of two endemic umbelliferae herbs （Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. and Stenotaenia macrocarpa Freyn ＆ Sint. ex Freyn） collected from Bingol （Turkey）, using headspace solid-phase microextraction method and gas chromatography （GC） interfaced with mass spectrometer analysis. Forty six and 43 compounds were identified for M. lasiocarpa and S. macrocarpa, respectively, representing 91.40% and 90.86% of their respective essential oils. Germacrene D （20.71%）,β-elemene （12.40%）, spathulenol （11.60%） and β-selinene （9.67%） were identified as the major compound of M. lasiocarpa. β-sesquiphellandrene （19.68%）, hexyl isobutyrate （12.65%） and octanal （9.53%） were found to be the major compounds ofS. macrocarpa. Essential oil composition ofM. lasiocarpa has been determined for the first time and the results have been discussed in view of chemotaxonomy, natural products and potential usefulness of these plants.

The Potential Application of Plant Essential Oils/Extracts as Natural Preservatives in Oils during Processing： A Review

The present work summarizes recent investigations carried out about the usage of natural antioxidants in lipid-rich food during processing. Synthetic antioxidants have been used as food additives to retard lipid oxidation and development of off-flavor for over 50 years. However, the literature has expressed safety concerns and health risks （toxic and carcinogenic effects） associated with the use of synthetic antioxidants recently. Natural antioxidative substances from the polyphenols of edible plants are believed to be safer and may provide with additional health benefits and more effective compared to synthetic antioxidants. Due to the fact that natural antioxidants are additives that people mixed with food and consumed for centuries, they are known to be safe by the consumer. Therefore, it is an area worth to investigate due to consumer concerns about health. In the literature, there are many studies showing that the natural antioxidants have important antioxidant effect. Plants （oil seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruits, herb and spices）, compounds from animal source （peptides and amino acids）, enzymes and some microorganisms are important natural antioxidants. Plant extracts have been widely used to retard lipid oxidation in foods during frying and accelerated storage processes. They were found as strong antioxidant sources due to their high contents of phenolic compounds. There are countless studies about natural antioxidants. However, they have not been investigated completely by means of toxicology.

Essential Oil Composition of Six Pinus L. Taxa （Pinaceae） from Canada and Their Chemotaxonomy

In this study six Pinus L. taxa from Canada （P. strobus L., P. parviflora Siebold ＆ Zucc., P. mugo Turra subsp, mugo, P. resinosa Sol. ex Alton, P. flexilis E. James and P. nigra J. F. Arnold） were studied to determine on chemical characters of studied taxa. For this purpose, essential oil from needles of the six Pinus taxa were investigated by HS-SPME/GC-MS. 38, 33, 39, 28, 31 and 46 compounds were respectively identified from each species representing 95.90%, 95.07%, 95.79%, 96.20%, 93.05% and 96.25% of the oil. The results have given some clues on the chemotaxonomy of this genus and are of usable potentials of the plants as renewable resources. Although the essential oil composition of studied taxa showed chemical divergences because of climatical, seasonal, geographical and geological factors, but the major compounds of plant derivatives are generally similar and the major compounds are chemotaxonomical markers for studied taxa.

Chemical Variation in Essential Oils of Salvia Officmalis L, Ecotypes Cultivated in Albania

Salvia officinalis L. was cultivated in different geographic locations of Albania. Sage plants originated from imported seeds and wild Albanian plants. Around 30 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils of all cultivated sage plants; the latter were found to be very rich in camphen, fl-thujone, a-pinene, eucaliptol, rich to moderate in β-pinene and camphor, and less rich in a-thujone and limonene. Sharp differences in chemical composition patterns and content of individual chemical compounds were noticed between and within cultivation sites. Cultivated sage was poorer in α-thujone versus wild plants. Cultivated sage, of Albanian wild plants origin, was the richest in α-thujone （18.45%） versus imported seeds sage. β-thujone over-dominated α-thujone in all cultivated sage plants. Volatile characters of cultivated sage were indicative of the species but not of the geographic origin of plant material. Variation in essential oils composition and chemical compounds＇ content （biosynthetic pathways） in cultivated sage is related more to the genetic background than the environmental factors. If cultivating sage in Albania, then wild local ecotypes would be best to use as α-thujone is maintained at satisfactory levels, local natural base is preserved, unnecessary hybridization with imported seeds sage is prevented, and are more resistant and cost effective.

Antiradical, Anti-inflammatory and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Two Aromatic Plants： Apium graveolens （Apiaceae） and Thymus vulgaris （Lamiaceae）

The outbreak of oxidative stress, inflammatory diseases and mycoses, constitute an important public health problem. This could be due to the increase of risk factors, side effects and expensive therapeutic molecules available. In the aim to find the potential spring of new therapeutic molecules with efficient and wide spectrum of action, the antiradical, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities of two essential oils were evaluated. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. The antiradical activity was evaluated to use DPPH （2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl） scavenging method and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the enzymatic method. The disc diffusion and dilution methods were used to evaluate growth inhibition of three yeasts, three moulds and three dermatophytes. The yields of extraction of Apium graveolens and Thymus vulgaris essential oils were 0.14% and 0.32% respectively. These essential oils showed antiradical properties with respective SC50 of 0.41 and 0.06 g/L for Apium graveolens and Thymus vulgaris. Only Thymus vulgaris presented an anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.19 g/L. Cryptococcus neoformans was the most susceptible fungal strain while C. albicans was the most resistant one. The results were compared with the standard antifungal. These results show that these essential oils could be exploited as potential spring of molecules endowed with antiradical, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities.

Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector

Citrus sinensis commonly called sweet orange belongs to the family Rutaceae. Nutritionally, it is highly recommended due to its high content of micronutrients. However, the rejection of a large amount of epicarp in nature contributes to the emission of greenhouse gas and the development of leachate which contaminate surface water and groundwater. The aim of this work was to identify the essential oil components from Citrus sinensis epicarp, and then look after the biological activity of these components in order to underline the worth to reuse the Citrus sinensis epicarp as a gainful mean. The essential oil of 4,000 g of Citrus sinensis epicarp was done through the water steam distillation and 0.0287 g of essential oil was obtained; so a yield of 0.0007%. The essential oil was then submitted to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector （GC-F1D）. The result revealed that the essential oil was teemed with 28 volatile compounds, including terpene compounds （50%）, aldehydes （32%） and alcohols （18%） whose anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, larvicidal and antioxidant activities were underlined.

Relationship between Temperaments of Medicinal Plants and Their Major Chemical Compounds

Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.