木兰科植物地理分布探索

木兰科全世界有１５属２４０种，分布于亚、美两洲。亚洲有１４属，１８９种；美洲有４属，５１种，亚洲属种远多于美洲。其中鹅掌楸属、木兰属及盖裂木属为亚、美洲间断分布属。木兰科的植物区系共有９个，在亚洲有４个区系，即东亚、东南亚、马来西亚、印度，在美洲有５个区系，即大西洋北美、加勒比、安第斯、亚马逊、巴西南部。其中以东亚、东南亚及马来西亚最为丰富。木兰科分布的植被类型有４种，即热带雨林、季雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、温带夏绿阔叶林，其中主要分布于热带雨林有７属，季雨林有２属，亚热带常绿阔叶林有６属。木兰科原产地的气候型有４种，即热带气候型、热带高山气候型、大陆东岸气候型（含温暖型及冷寒型），其中热带气候型及大陆东岸气候型（温暖型）为最多，达６～８个属。掌握木兰科与植物地理分布的关系有助于其资源的开发和利用。

Determination of the Thickness and Medium of Covering Soil for Land Reclamation

Land reclamation is a process of ecosystem reconstruction, for which it is very important to keep co-adaptation between plants and the below ground habitat. In order to keep the co-adaptation among plant species, thickness of covering soil and medium of covering soil to establish a self-regulating ecosystem, the thickness of covering soil of land reclamation for plants in different living forms by synusia structure of plant below-ground habitat and medium of covering soil by ecological factors of plant below-ground habitat were studied. Synusia structure of plant below-ground habitat was recognized through investigation on structure and root of plant community, and ecological factors were determined through soil profile investigation. The thickness and medium of covering soil of land reclamation for the tree, the shrub and the herb were proposed.

Study on Plant Species Belonging to Fabaceae L. Family in Flora of A^lri Mountain

This study was carried out as a result of floristic expeditions in flora of Agri Mountain in Igdir between 2011 and 2014. As it is known, having diverse climatic types, Turkey has different and rich flora and vegetation. Over 380 plant species have been found in Agn Mountain up to now. From these species, 36 of them belong to Fabaceae family and they grow 900-3,000 m elevation above sea level on Agri Mountain. Fabaceae species are known throughout the world. As a result of researches carried out on Agri Mountain, 36 species were found, 10 of which belong to Fabaceae family. After Devis, an outstanding flora research has not been carried out in Agri Mountain so far. As a result of the researches carried out between 2011 and 2014, the number of genera reached to 10 and the number of species to 36. It was found out 17 species for the genus of Astragalus, two for Coronilla, five for Trifolium, three for Lathyrus, three for Onobrychis, three for Vicia and one for each Glycyrrhiza, Melilotus and Sophora. Eleven of these species are endemic. Those endemic species were： Astragalus aduncus Willd., Astragalus antalyensis, Astragalus davisii Chamb and Matthews., Astragalus eriocephalus Willd. subsp, eriocephalus Willd., Astragalus chaldiranicus Kit Tan and Sorger, Astragalus pinetorum Boiss., Astragalus fumosus, Astragalus vesicaris L. subsp, agridagensis Y. Zeynalov, Trifolium davissi Hossain, Lathyrus carcinus P. H. Davis, Onobrychis araxina Schischkin.

Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments in northwestern China and their importance as indicators of vegetation and climate

The modern pollen assemblages of surface lake sediments and topsoils in northwestern China were studied to understand the relationship of modem pollen data with contemporary vegetation and climate, and the differences between the pollen assem- blages of surface lake sediments and topsoils. The results show that Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia are dominant elements in the pollen assemblages of northwestern China. Additionally, Ephedra, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Picea, Pinus, and Betula are also important pollen taxa. Both pollen assemblages and principal component analysis indicate that pollen data from surface lake sediments and topsoils can be used to differentiate the main vegetation types of this region （desert, steppe, mead- ow and forest）. However, differences exist between modern pollen assemblages of the two types of sediments due to the dif- ferent relevant source areas of pollen and degrees of pollen preservation. For example, the larger relevant source area of sur- face lake sediment results in a higher abundance of Betula in pollen assemblage from surface lake sediment, whereas the ten- dency to disintegrate thin-walled pollen types in topsoil leads to a higher proportion of resistant pollen, such as Asteraceae. Linear regression analysis indicates that the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae （A/C） ratio in pollen assemblages of surface lake sedi- ments can be used to indicate humidity changes in the study area. However, the A/C ratio in topsoils should be used carefully. Our results suggest that pollen data from surface lake sediments would be better references for interpreting the fossil pollen assemblages of lake cores or lacustrine profiles.

Advance of research on modern soil phytolith

Phytolith study is a new branch of micropaleontology with an increasingly important role in geology, archaeology, and plant taxonomy. Phytoliths have several advantages considering their characteristics of small particle size, high production, wide distribution, anti-decomposition, in situ deposition, distinctive morphologies, and element sequestrating capacity. Phytolith assemblages in modem soil have been found to be closely related to modem vegetation types and climate conditions, which forms the basis for the quantitative study of paleoecology, paleoclimate, and bio-geochemical cycles. At present, phytolith studies generally focus on the following four aspects： （1） Morphology： about 260 unduplicated types of phytoliths have been identified in modem soil, of which 110 types are from grasses, 50 types from ferns, woody plants and other angiosperms, whereas the origin plants of the remaining 100 types are still under investigation. （2） Soil phytolith assemblages and vegetation： phytolith assemblages from the topsoil have been used to distinguish surface vegetation types including different forests and grasslands over a typical region. This model has been applied to restore past vegetation conditions and monitor the dynamic evolution of specific vegetation types at different temporal and spatial scales. （3） Soil phytolith assemblages and climate： quantitative and semi-quantitative relationships between phytolith assemblages and a series of climate parameters, such as annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation and altitude, have been established through mathematical analysis. In this manner, quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimatic parameters has been achieved through the phytolith-climate transfer function model. （4） Soil phytolith and its sequestered elements： in this topic, the content of soil PhytOC （Phytolith-occluded Organic Carbon） and the importance of PhytOC in the bio-geochemical cycle have been the focus. The study of modem soil phytoliths has provided new approaches and many successful cases for solving specific problems in various fields, such as Earth science and archaeology. This study analyzed existing issues in addition to the abovementioned significant progresses, and provides directions for future research on modem soil phytoliths.

CO_2 Emissions from Typical Cement Plants in China

The objective is to know how the CO2 emits and how much the CO2 emits due to the cement manufacture in both direct and indirect ways with the increasing concerns about the global warming and the cement plants emitting huge CO2.A precise method to calculate CO2 emissions including three processes was established in this paper and a case study was provided.From the case of 23 typical plants in China,we can see the amount of CO2 emissions at the right level.The summary of CO2 emissions consists of emissions from raw materials,fuels and electricity.The average result of the 23 typical plants is 0.74 t CO2 per ton clinker in this study.Therefore,CO2 emissions from these typical cement plants were pictured and then measured.The creative point is that an approach provides a basic framework to identify various situations in different cement plants in China and other in the rest of the world.The framework would be useful in quantitatively evaluating CO2 emissions for government to know precisely CO2 emissions in the cement plants.