木霉菌在园艺植物上的应用研究进展

木霉是一种重要的生防因子,已成功地用于多种植物真菌病害的生物防治。从木霉菌的抑菌作用机理、诱导抗病性、促进植物生长、转基因工程等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对今后的研究进行展望。

掌叶橐吾地理分布的订正及对我国植物志书中一些明显问题的述评

指出《中国植物志》77(2)中掌叶橐吾(Ligularia przewalskii)在江苏有分布的记载极可能是将文献中的"Kansu"(甘肃)误为"Kiangsu"(江苏)的结果。该种目前仅知分布于甘肃、青海、内蒙古、宁夏、陕西、山西、四川,在江苏决无分布。这一不经意的疏忽而引起的错误后来不断出现在我国出版的有关植物志书中。对我国植物志书尤其是省级植物志书存在的突出问题及其他一些相关问题进行了述评。

Phytogenetic Studies on Intergeneric Hybridization Between Brassica napus and Matthiola incana

The intergeneric hybridization between Brassica napus L. cv. oro and Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. was carried out to study the phytogenetic peculiarities of the hybrid plants. In order to improve the oil quality of rape seed, ovaries of B. napus pollinated with pollen of M. incana, were cut off and inoculated onto MS media supplemented with various plant hormones at the 7th day after pollination. Two mature embryos were obtained from 750 pollinated ovaries cultured in vitro. The percentage of seed set was 0.26%. The mature embryos were transferred onto the MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.1 mg/L NAA, and a compound bud was produced later. The compound bud was then cut into a number of single buds, which were transferred onto fresh media. Twenty-two plantlets in vitro were developed from the above single buds. The hybrid plants (F-1) were basically intermediate between the two parents in many,characters with a few showing hybrid vigor. The fertility of hybrid plants (F-1) was poor. Cytological studies revealed that the hybrid plants (F-1) were mixoploid. in nature. The chromosome number of many somatic cells was 2n = 26, which was the sum of the chromosome number of the two parents. The chromosome number of other somatic cells was 2n = 38, similar to that of B. napus. The hybrid offspring (F-2) from the selfed hybrid plants (F-1) showed polymorphism. Among the hybrid offspring (F-2) some were nearly matroclinous and fertile, similar to B. napus. some others were intermediate between the two parents and less fertile, and a few were poorly developed and nearly infertile. From the hybrid offspring a few plants with improved seed-oil quality were obtained.

In Vitro Fertilization of Angiosperms-10-Year Effort in China

This review gives a brief retrospect to the development on in vitro fertilization (IVF) of angiosperms in China. During the last decade Chinese scientists put great enthusiasm and efforts on IVF system construction and built up notable contributions to the flourish of this field. Keeping pace with international development and participating international cooperation in the field of IVF, Chinese scientists have now focused on the investigation of basic mechanism relevant to possible gamete interaction, egg cell activation and early embryogenesis by IVF. In vitro manipulation techniques are combined with cytological and molecular biological approaches to unveil the double fertilization mysteries.

Investigation on the Rare and Endangered Plants in the Fenhe Source

Fouty-eight species of rare and endanged plants in the Fenhe Source,belong to 21 families 37 genera.There were 1specie of national second-class protected plant and 3 species of national third-class plants;4 species of first-class protected plants,6 species of second-class protected plants and 14 species of third-class protected plants in Shanxi Province.On the basis of analyzing the endanged reasons,related protection countemeasures were put forward in this article.

我的饭碗谁做主?

备受争议的转基因水稻、玉米近日获得了中国农业部转基因生物安全管理办公室的安全批准,这项安全证书被形容为"转基因作物上市前最难突破的关口",意味着我国转基因作物在商业化种植道路上又迈了一大步。对于从事转基因研究的科学家来说,这是期盼了五年的喜事。而与"喜事"风格不甚相符的是,相关主管部门低调颁布,甚至看似更希望公众能"忽略"掉这个重大的转折。

Ecotype and Regional Division of Afforestation Plants in China

The selection of afforestation plants,which is based on the ecotype of afforestatioin plant,is the key of plant engineering. There is not final verdict yet on the standard of ecotype of afforestation plant. According to the presentational feature （regional distribution,Climatic indicator）,ecotype （climatoecological type,edaphic ecotype and biota ecotype） and genetic association of afforestation plant,combined with the experience in the greening practice,the afforesting nursery stock （Arbor and Shrub ） is divided into five ecotypes while the herbaceous plant are divided into three ecotypes.

Effects of sulfur fertilization and short-term high temperature on wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins

The content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Sulfur nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling under high temperature stress(HTS) are a major challenge to the production of high-quality wheat. The effects of sulfur fertilization and HTS on wheat flour protein and its components are unknown. In this study, treatments varying two factors: sulfur fertilization and exposure to short-term HTS, at 20 days postanthesis, were applied to two wheat cultivars with differing gluten types. Plants of a stronggluten wheat(Gaoyou 2018) and a medium-gluten wheat(Zhongmai 8) were grown in pots in Beijing in 2015–2017. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin,gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels, but reduced grain yield, grain weight,protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation. The HTS-induced increase in total protein amount was closely associated with nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) activities in flag leaves. Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities. HTS and sulfur fertilization had larger effects on the strong-than on the medium-gluten cultivar. Sulfur fertilization also alleviated the negative effects of HTS on grain yield, protein yield, and starch content.Thus, growing wheat with additional soil sulfur can improve the quality of the flour.

Red fluorescent protein (DsRed2), an ideal reporter for cotton genetic transformation and molecular breeding

Genes encoding reporter proteins are used as visual marker-assisted tools in genetic transformation as well as plant breeding. In this study, the red fluorescent protein identified in Discosoma sp. coral(DsRed2) was successfully used as a visual marker for cotton genetic engineering. DsRed2 was successfully expressed in two cotton cultivars,JIN668 and YZ1, driven by the Ca MV-35 S promoter via the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Our results suggest that DsRed2 expression provides an early-stage selection tool for the transgenic calli via visual observation. Red fluorescence can be detected not only in callus and somatic embryos but also in most tissues and organs of mature plants. The transgenic line Yz-2-DsRed2 was crossed with four different cotton cultivars to assess the transgene heritability and stability in different genetic backgrounds.The heritability of the red color was highly stable when Yz-2-DsRed2 was used as a male parent. The DsRed2 gene expressed 100% in the F_1 hybrids. To investigate the relationship between DsRed2 transcription and DNA methylation, a methylation-specific PCR approach was applied to the Ca MV-35 S promoter region. The results showed a negative association between DNA methylation level in the promoter region and the transgene transcription.Taken together, these findings suggest DsRed2 a visual reporter gene for cotton genetic transformation and molecular breeding programs.

Physiological diversity of orchids

The Orchidaceae is a diverse and wide spread family of flowering plants that are of great value in ornamental, medical, conservation, and evolutionary research. The broad diversity in morphology,growth form, life history, and habitat mean that the members of Orchidaceae exhibit various physiological properties. Epiphytic orchids are often characterized by succulent leaves with thick cell walls,cuticles, and sunken stomata, whereas terrestrial orchids possess rhizomes, corms, or tubers. Most orchids have a long juvenile period, slow growth rate, and low photosynthetic capacity. This reduced photosynthetic potential can be largely explained by CO_2 diffusional conductance and leaf internal structure. The amount of light required for plant survival depends upon nutritional mode, growth form,and habitat. Most orchids can adapt to their light environments through morphological and physiological adjustments but are sensitive to sudden changes in irradiance. Orchids that originate from warm regions are susceptible to chilling temperatures, whereas alpine members are vulnerable to high temperatures.For epiphytic orchids, rapid water uptake by the velamen radicum, water storage in their pseudobulbs and leaves, slow water loss, and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism contribute to plant-water balance and tolerance to drought stress. The presence of the velamen radicum and mycorrhizal fungi may compensate for the lack of root hairs, helping with quick absorbance of nutrients from the atmosphere.Under cultivation conditions, the form and concentration of nitrogen affect orchid growth and flowering.However, the limitations of nitrogen and phosphorous on epiphytic orchids in the wild, which require these plants to depend on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients throughout the entire life cycle, are not clearly understood. Because they lack endosperm, seed germination depends upon obtaining nutrients via mycorrhizal fungi. Adult plants of some autotrophic orchids also gain carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements from their mycorrhizal partners. Future studies should examine the mechanisms that determine slow growth and flower induction, the physiological causes of variations in flowering behavior and floral lifespan, the effects of nutrients and atmospheric-nitrogen deposition, and practical applications of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid cultivation.

Seasonal comparison of bacterial communities in rhizosphere of alpine cushion plants in the Himalayan Hengduan Mountains

Positive associations between alpine cushion plants and other species have been extensively studied.However,almost all studies have focused on the associations between macrofauna.Studies that have investigated positive associations between alpine cushion plants and rhizospheric microbes have been limited to the vegetation growing season.Here,we asked whether the positive effects that alpine cushion plants confer on rhizospheric microbe communities vary with seasons.We assessed seasonal variations in the bacterial diversity and composition in rhizosphere of two alpine cushion plants and surrounding bare ground by employing a high throughput sequencing method targeting the V3 region of bacterial 16 S rRNA genes.Soil properties of the rhizosphere and the bare ground were also examined.We found that cushion rhizospheres harbored significantly more C,N,S,ammonia nitrogen,and soil moisture than the bare ground.Soil properties in cushion rhizospheres were not notably different,except for soil pH.Bacterial diversities within the same microhabitats did not vary significantly with seasons.We concluded that alpine cushion plants had positive effects on the rhizospheric bacterial communities,even though the strength of the effect varied in different cushion species.Cushion species and the soil sulfur content were probably the major factors driving the spatial distribution and structure of soil bacterial communities in the alpine communities dominated by cushion plants.

Programmed Cell Death in Plants--- A New Emerging Research Field

There is increasing evidence shows that programmed cell death (PCD) can occur underphysiological, pathological or stress conditions in plants. The present review describes themorphological and biochemical characteristics, physiological functions, and the research significance ofplant PCD in detail as well as makes comparison betWeen these aspects with those in animals. Inaddition, this paper is also making exploration of the possible pathway for signal transduction, geneticregulation of plant PCD, origin and evolution of PCD and proposes a tactic for research on plant PCDalthough it is still in a preliminary stage.Compared to PCD in animals, PCD in plants under various conditions has revealed much greaterdifference in morphological and biochemical characteristics, which presents different essence far fromthe definition of apoptosis of animals. Nevertheless, no inflammation, specific fragmentation of DNAand rise of the activities of endonuclease and protease in plant PCD are still typical hallmarks fordistinguishing PCD from necrosis. On view of molecular level, as in animals, PCD in plants is alsoregulated by specific genes and involves signal transduction pathway with the involvement of a varietyof signal molecules.The physiological functions of plant PCD are similar to those in animals too. In the importantphysiological and pathological processes in plants, i.e., during reproduction, development, growth,senescenced disease-resistance, and stress-resistance against adverse circumstance conditions, PCDtakes on functions as important as proliferation throughout the whole life cycle of living organisms.Obviously, the research on PCD in plants is of vital importance that should not be ignored either intheory or in agricultural production.At present, the research on PCD in plants is focusing on collecting morphological and biochemicalevidences. But many molecules of initiation signal participating in plant PCD have been identified andseveral genes directly related to this process were isolated, which provide useful enlightenment forillustrating signal transduction pathway of PCD. Moreover, some conserved signal molecules andregulating genes were found in plant PCD, and caspase-like proteases have been detected in HR celldeath as well as in development-associated PCD. These data provide strong evidence at molecular levelfor conservation and the origin and evolution of PCD.1 The authors want to extend the sincerely thanks to Prof. Michele C. Heath (University of Toronto, Canada),Prof. Niroo Fukuda (University of Tokyo, Japan), Prof. Duran L. Nooden (University of Michigan, USA),Prof. Chris Lamb (Salk institute, California), Prof. Sarah Hake (Agricultural Research Service, USA), Prof.David L. Vaux (The Walter and Eliza Hall insititue of Medical Research, Post Office Royal MelbourneHospital, Australia), Associate Prof. Jeffrey L. Dangl (University of North Carolina, USA), Associate Prof.Eric Lain (The State University of New Jersey, USA), Dr. Maki Katsuhara (Okayama University, Japan),Prof. Sarah Hake (AgricultUral Research Service, USA), Dr. Peter P. Repetti (University of California,USA), Da Blazena Koukalova (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ), Dr. Iona Weir(Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, New Zealand), Dr. Thorsten Jabs (Institute forBiology III, Germany), Dr. Hong Wang (University of California, USA) and Dr. Patrick Gallois (Universityof Perpignan, France) for their kind providing their personal latest data of their research concerned andoffering academic exchanges with us.This project is granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39870423) and by StateCommission of Education, Doctorate Spot Foundation.Author for correspondence. E-mail: ycsong@whu.edu.cn.Evidences in various aspects indicate that PCD origins from prokaryote, and various forms of PCD arefound along the phylogenic tree.Conclusion: A variety of endogenous and exogenous signals can break the homeostasis within plantbody and result in differentiation, proliferation, quiescence, or death of cell at length

Diversity of desert rangelands of Tunisia

Plants are important components of any rangeland.However,the importance of desert rangeland plant diversity has often been underestimated.It has been argued that desert rangelands of Tunisia in good ecological condition provide more services than those in poor ecological condition.This is because rangelands in good condition support a more diverse mixture of vegetation with many benefits,such as forage for livestock and medicinal plants.Nearly one-quarter of Tunisia,covering about 5.5 million hectares,are rangelands,of which 87% are located in the arid and desert areas(45% and 42%,respectively).Here,we provide a brief review of the floristic richness of desert rangelands of Tunisia.Approximately 135 species are specific to desert rangelands.The predominant families are Asteraceae,Poaceae,Brassicaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Fabaceae.These represent approximately 50% of Tunisian desert flora.

Film mulching treatment inf luences dry matter and yield of oil flax in semi-arid area of China

A feld study was set up to compare dry matter accumulation and grain yield of 3 different types of flm mulching, namely FFC （full flm muched on tiny ridges covered with soil）, PFC （full flm muched covered with soil）, and PF （full flm muched with no cover）. The experiment was laid out in a complete random design with 3 replications at north-west （34°40′N, 105°06′E） of China. This study determined that （1） flm mulching treatment increased leaf area and dry matter accumulation of oil fax in semi-arid areas; （2） accu-mulation of dry matter under PFC treatment was markedly higher than other treatments except anthesis stage; （3） average grain yield of oil fax under flm mulching treatment was 52.67%-60.33% higher than fat plot without mulched or ridge （CK） treatment; （4） grain yield of oil fax was substantially correlated with plant height, grain number and 1,000 kernels weight. This study demonstrated that flm mulching has signifcant effects on crop grain yield improvement in the northwest of China.

Generation and characterization of expressed sequence tags(ESTs) from coralloid root cDNA library of Cycas debaoensis

A normalized full-length cDNA library was constructed from the coralloid roots of Cycas debaoensis by the DSN （duplex-specific nuclease） normalization method combined with the SMART （Switching Mechanism At 5＇ end of the RNA Transcript） technique. The titer of the original cDNA library was about 1.5 × 10^6 cfu·mL^-1 and the average insertion size was about 1 kb with a high recombination rate （97%）. The 5011 high-quality expressed sequence tags （ESTs） were obtained from 5393 randomly picked cDNA clones. Clustering and assembly of ESTs resulted in 2984 unique sequences, consisting of 618 contigs and 2366 singlets. EST sequence annotation revealed that 2333 and 1901 unigenes were functionally anno- tated in the NCBI non-redundant database and Swiss-Prot protein database, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that 1495 （50.1%） unigenes were associated with 4082 Gene Ontology （GO） terms. A total of 847 unigenes were grouped into 22 Cluster of Orthologous Groups （COG） functional categories. Based on the EST dataset, 22 ESTs that encoded putative receptor-like protein kinase （RLK） genes were screened. Furthermore, a total of 94 simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were discovered, of which 20 loci were successfully amplified in C debaoensis. This study is the first EST analysis for the coralloid roots of C debaoensis and provides a valuable genomic resource for novel gene discovery, gene expression and comparative genomics, conservation and management studies as well as applications in C debaoensis and related cycad species.

Solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrients,which one is more important in affecting phytoplankton growth?

Based on research results on the impacts of solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrient available to phytoplankton growth and changes in phytoplankton physiology and assemblage,we discussed the order of influence of these factors.By clarifying the mechanisms and processes of the impacts by these factors,we have determined the rising order of the importance as solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrient silicon (Si).Therefore,for human interests in sustaining economic development,the first thing to be considered is the input of nutrient Si into the ocean,followed by seawater temperature change.

The first complete organellar genomes of an Antarctic red alga,Pyropia endiviifolia:insights into its genome architecture and phylogenetic position within genus Pyropia(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

Pyropia species grow in the intertidal zone and are cold-water adapted. To date, most of the information about the whole plastid and mitochondrial genomes(ptDNA and mtDNA) of this genus is limited to Northern Hemisphere species. Here, we report the sequencing of the ptDNA and mtDNA of the Antarctic red alga Pyropia endiviifolia using the Illumina platform. The plastid genome(195 784 bp, 33.28% GC content) contains 210 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 6 rRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome(34 603 bp, 30.5% GC content) contains 26 protein-coding genes, 25 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. Our results suggest that the organellar genomes of Py. endiviifolia have a compact organization. Although the collinearity of these genomes is conserved compared with other Pyropia species, the genome sizes show significant differences, mainly because of the different copy numbers of rDNA operons in the pt DNA and group II introns in the mtDNA. The other Pyropia species have 2–3 distinct intronic ORFs in their cox 1 genes, but Py. endiviifolia has no introns in its cox 1 gene. This has led to a smaller mtDNA than in other Pyropia species. The phylogenetic relationships within Pyropia were examined using concatenated gene sets from most of the available organellar genomes with both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The analysis revealed a sister taxa affiliation between the Antarctic species Py. endiviifolia and the North American species Py. kanakaensis.

Photosynthetic features of leaf and silique of 'Qinyou 7' oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) at reproductive growth stage

Photosynthetic products are mainly produced by leaf and green silique of oil-seed rape （Brassica napus L.） at reproductive growth stage. This study aimed to compare photosynthetic features of leaf and green silique of ‘Qinyou 7’ hybrid oilseed rape variety. Results showed that, during photosynthetic day time, net photosynthetic rate （PN） and sto-matal conductance （gs） of leaf were markedly higher than that of silique. Compared with silique, leaf had signifcant higher PN, gs, light saturated net photosynthetic rate （PNmax）, light saturation point （LSP）, and apparent quantum yield （AQY）, but lower light compensa-tion point （LCP）, CO2 compensation point （Γ） and carboxylation effciency （CE） under var-ious light densities and CO2 concentrations. Carboxylation activities of ribulose-1, 5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco）, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC） and chlorophyll a, b （Chl a, b） of leaf were signifcantly higher than that of silique shell. Our study demonstrated that leaf of oilseed rape at reproductive growth stage had higher photosynthetic capacity than green silique due to its higher carboxylation activity of pho-tosynthetic enzymes as well as higher gs and Chl contents. This study might have good implication in selecting a biological control strategy to enhance seed yield and oil produc-tion of oilseed rape.

An improved animal model of orthotopic liver transplantation in swine

Objective: To establish a swine model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) which has high standardization, superior reproducibility and stability. Methods: The rate of success, reproducibility and stability were investigated on the modification of OLTs in closed miniature swine with series of improvements. Results: 20 OLTs were performed on the basis of improvements in experimental animals, surgical procedures and operative monitorings. The mean operation time and anhepatic phase was (181±25.8) and (28.4±3.2) min respectively, which were significantly shorter than those of the previous reports. Liver function of the animals recovered shortly after operation. One-week survival rate was 90%, and 15 animals survived more than 1 month. The incidence of vascular and biliary complications was lower in animals with long-term survival. Conclusion: The improved animal model of OLTs in swine is easy to operate with high standardization and rate of success, superior reproducibility and stability. It is an ideal model for series studies related to liver transplantation in big animals.

Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources and Biodiversity in Pu＇er City

In the paper, the animal and plant diversity and its main characteristics in Pu'er City were summarized, and reviewedthe development and utilization of main special biological industry. The policies and research institutions on protection and utilization of biodiversity in Pu'er City were introduced. At the last, we analyzed the deficiencies in the conservation and utilization of biodiversity in Pu'er City and proposed the relevant measures to strengthen protection and utilization of biological diversity in the future.