浅谈STEAM理念下小学劳动植物种养课程的设计与实施

劳动课程是小学教学计划当中的必修课程之一,其与STEAM教学理念的融合对教育实效性的提升具有重要价值,本校以《白菜种养》为主题,以学科融合为主要形式,为学生组建了一场植物种养项目活动,让学生在实践当中体会劳动、培养能力、提升素养。本文主要针对劳动教育中植物种养课程与STEAM理念的融合问题展开分析,首先简述了STEAM教育理念的内涵及价值,并结合《白菜种养》项目实践活动为例,针对小学劳动植物种养课程与STEAM理念的融合策略进行了简要分析,以期对相关教育问题的研究有所帮助。

基于steam理念的植物种养项目模式学习的研究

植物种养是很多小学实施劳动教育的主要内容之一,对学生核心素养的发展具有促进作用,本文主要针对STEAM理念与植物种养项目模式学习的融合问题展开分析,首选阐述了STEAM理念的内涵及要求,并结合其要求以“土壤酸碱性检测”为项目主题,针对小学植物种养项目模式学习的具体实施策略进行了简要分析,以期对相关方面的研究有所帮助。

论盐碱地改良途径和植物种养管理措施

通过对太原市龙潭公园土壤盐碱成因分析,结合太原市局部气候环境特点,试验总结出盐碱地的改良途径和植物种养管理的具体措施。

中药材的一部“法典”——《药用动植物种养加工技术》介绍

最近中国中医药出版社推出一套《药用动植物种养加工技术》大型系列丛书，该丛书共分药用动物的养殖与加上利用和药用植物的种植与加工利用两大部分，共计72册(包括动物部分19册和植物部分53册)，全书约150万字。该系列丛书是在我国药用植物研究和现代中药研究的主要奠基人、中国工程院肖培根院士．

Tea-Grown Soils and Tea Quality in Sichuan and Chongqing, China

Made teas and typical tea-grown soils in Sichuan and Chongqing were collected to investigate soil nutrients, related soil properties and tea quality. The tea-grown soils in Sichuan and Chongqing are distributed mainly in mountainous areas. The high annual precipitation (over 1100 mm), precipitous soil slopes, low cohesion among soil particles and high soil porosity suggested that intensive erosion and leaching might occur in these soils. Moreover, they were very acidic and poor in mineral nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca and Mg except S. The average content of total S was 20.40 g kg-1, much higher than that of organic matter in these soils, revealing that S in the tea-grown soils existed mainly in inorganic forms and very little in organic forms. Water-extractable S accounted for only a small amount of total S, which showed that most parts of sulfur in these soils were insoluble in W8ter. K and S varied greatly in made teas. The concentrations of N and P, however, varied little in these teas even though they differentiated significantly in the tea-grown soils. The high concentration of nitrogen in made teas could result in the high free amino acids and low polyphenol of teas. Significantly positive correlation was established between potassium and polyphenol in made teas. Teas with high ratio of phenol to free amino acids were usually good in taste and appearance.

Study on the Sulfur Nutrition of the Sugarcane and Balance of Sulfur in Soil for Sugarcane Planting Areas

Areas of planting sugarcane are located in subtropical and tropical parts of Guangxi. These areas are characterized by high temperature, heavy rainfall and nutrients leaching. It results in strong decomposition of soil mineral and a low cation exchange capacity （CEC）, low organic matter, and low phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and sulfur （S） in soils. In about 30% of the soils in the planting sugarcane regions the total sulfur and the plant-available sulfur are under 150 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg, respectively. The sulfur nutrition is usually supplied insufficiently for sugarcane growth. The total sulfur of and available sulfur are under the medium level in nearly 50% of the soils in the planting sugarcane regions. Therefore, with the improvement of production of the sugarcane, the sulfur soil nutrition will influence and limit sugarcane yield. After application of sulfur fertilizer, available stem, single stem weight increased 5.77%-9.43% of sugarcane yield than without the treatment. It still can improve the cane sugar and fibre content. And the sugarcane can obtain better economic benefits to use the sulfur phosphorus ammonium; it is 18.2-20.23 with output/input （VCR） to use the sulfur fertilizer. Amount of sugarcane absorption sulfur reaches 44.1-67 kg/ha. The treatment with no sulfur fertilizer annual sulfur nutrient lose will be 23.67 kg/ha because sugarcane yield uptake from the field.

Farmer Participatory Breeding - The Foster Parent in the Breeding of Dioscorea spp. in Ghana

Yam （Dioscorea spp.）, has been aptly described as an orphan crop. It has suffered institutional neglect from time immemorial. Until this study there were no formally released yam varieties in Ghana. The farmer participatory breeding approach was adapted to fast-track the development and release of three new yam varieties in Ghana. This paper uses the breeding process as a case study and conducts a SWOT analysis to provide guidelines for breeding for crops in Low External Input Agriculture. It was faster than conventional breeding in varietal development. Scientific quality of Farmer Participatory Breeding is as good as conventional breeding. Farmer Participatory Breeding is a must for breeding yam in Ghana. Ultimately, three genotypes 2000/001, KUP2000/001 and TDr89/02665 were accepted and released as new varieties ＂CRIKukrupa＂, ＂CRIPona＂ and ＂Mankrong Pona＂ respectively in March 2005. Danger of omission of some promising genotypes in the course of varietal development and danger of opinion group cabalizing the group discussions were identified as potential threats to the approach. Effective research-extension-farmer linkage was identified as extremely vital to the success of the approach. Farmer participatory breeding process was also sustainable and more efficient than conventional breeding in varietal selection in yam breeding.

Effect of Different Fertilizer Formulations on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Greenhouse Grown Macadamia Plants in a Micro Drip-Irrigation System

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mahidol University, Thailand from January to May 2009. Macadamia plants were planted in pots with mixed substrate of soil： sand： coconut-coir： rice-husk： charcoal; 3.0： 1.0： 0.5： 1.0, respectively. Micro drip-irrigation system was operated 10：00 to 16：00 h daily with a controller scheduled to pump 12 minutes at 12 intervals. The study showed that application of Enshi tablet （18 tablets/plant/year） in a drip-irrigation system enhances growth of Macadamia compared to the application of OsmocoteTM tablet, Modified-enshi and Enshi solution. Significant variation in chlorophyll （a ＋ b） content was observed in Enshi tablet treatment. Soil chemical analyses indicated that the nutrient content in Enshi tablet appeared low compared to other formulations but nutrient removal was considerably brought down by the system, which gives a balance between nutrient removals by crops and addition through fertilizers. Hence, application of Enshi tablet is suggested for Macadamia in a drip-irrigation system.

Promotion of IAA, NAA on Seed Germination of Jacaranda mimosifolia

Seed germination of Jacaranda mimosifolia treated with Indoleacetic Acid （IAA） and Naphthylacetic Acid （NAA） was investigated. Seeds were collected from 55-year-old plants in March 2012 in Chengdu Wenjiang Park in China and sown on illumination incubator at 25 ℃/18℃ （day/might） under 15 h light after soaked 24 h with 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 IAA, NAA solutions. The thousand seed weight ofJ. mimosifolia was 9.039 g and seed average vigor was 32.7%. Germination rate was 13.3% without treatment, and seeds with 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 IAA treatment showed germination rate of 20.0%, 22.3% and 25.0%, respectively, whereas the rate was 18.3%, 20.0% and 23.3% in 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 NAA treatment. There was significant difference between 100, 200 mg L-1 and other IAA treatment, but only 200 mg L-1 NAA treatment had significant difference among others. It showed that IAA could promote seed germination more significantly than NAA in the same concentration conditions. These results indicate that soaking by 100 and 200 mg L-1 IAA or 200 mg L-1 NAA for 24 h, seed germination rate ofJ. mimosifolia can be significantly improved and robust seedlings obtained from germinated seeds.

Use of Human Urine （ALW） in Cultivation of Radish

Inefficient fertilizer use can lead to deficient soil nutrition. There is little information on whether human urine （ALW） can be used as a nutrient source in crop cultivation. A study was conducted to explore the potential of human urine in cultivation of radish （Raphanus sativus L.）. The ALW was provided to radish in a pot trial. Comparison was with combinations of using synthetic fertilizers. Human urine contained N （0.45%）, P （0.18%）, K （0.16%）, Ca （4.25 me Ll）, Mg （5.15 me L＂t） and Na （0.36%）. The highest available nutrients N, P and K contents in soil at harvest, and the more number of leaves, tallest, root length, root yield and root diameter were from the in 3：1 ALW--three parts of ALW （human urine and one part of water used pot）. Water treatment applied in two splits compared to the recommended fertilizer rate （75：37.5：37.5 kg hal of N, P and K） and absolute control （no fertilizer and no ALW added）.

Effect of Anthracene on the Interaction Between Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and Heterosigma akashiwo in Laboratory Cultures

Two species of marine phytoplankton, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and Heterosigma akashiwo, were cul- tivated in bi-algal cultures to investigate the effect of anthracene （ANT） on the interaction between them. Without ANT, H. akashiwo out-competed P. helgolandica at low initial biomass ratios （P. helgolandica （P）： H. akashiwo （H） = 1：4 and 1 ： 1）, but not at the highest （P：H=4：I）. This observation was consistent with the description in Lotka-Volterra two species competition model. It was found that P. helgolandica was excluded at low initial biomass ratios, while the unstable equilibrium between two species was predicted at the highest. For both species, carrying capacity and maximal specific growth rate decreased in bi-algal cultures compared to those in monocultures. H. akashiwo exhibited a higher sensitivity to ANT than P helgolandica. This resulted markedly in a reduced cell den- sity of H. akashiwo but an increased cell density ofP. helgolandica. Carrying capacity ofP. helgolandica was consistently higher in bi-algal cultures with ANT than those without ANT, suggesting that ANT, through the elimination of H. akashiwo, generated the dominance of P helgolandica independently of initial biomass ratios. This study showed a density-dependent effect of harmful alga （H. akashiwo） on dietary alga （P helgolandica）, and indicated that ocean pollutant ANT could induce the succession of marine phytoplankton.

Response of Two Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas L. Lam） Varieties Regenerated on Low Cost Tissue Culture Medium

Plant tissue culture continues to be of great interest within the realms of molecular biology, plant breeding and plant health However, different plant cultivars have different culture efficiencies to tissue culture. In this research, the response of two Kenyan sweet potato varieties, KEMB 36 and Tainurey, cultured on a low cost tissue culture medium was evaluated. The low cost medium contained plant nutrients that were obtained from locally available fertilizers. Each conventional Murashige and Skoog （MS） macronutrient was individually substituted with a locally available fertilizer. The conventional source of micronutrients was substituted with Stanes~ Iodized Microfood while sucrose was obtained from table sugar. Performance of the two cultivars was monitored over a period of six weeks. KEMB 36 had a better performance than Tainurey with an average of eight nodes, seven leaves, three roots and height of four centimeters per plantlet indicating genotype-dependent response.

Effects of Cultivar and Explant Sources on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

In vitro callus induction and plant regeneration potentiality were studied from mature embryo of three Indian rice （Oryza sativa L.） groups at Field Crops Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ondokuz May？s University, Samsun, Turkey. The study was done by using callus induction MS medium having different concentration of four. The present research was conducted according to the design of randomized blocks trial. A total of 696 calluses, 193 plants and 917 seeds were obtained from Indica group; 2,110 calluses, 103 plants and 235 seeds were obtained from Japonica group; 1,243 calluses and 13 plants were obtained from Javanica group. With regard to number of calluses obtained from each explant source, 52 calluses were obtained from whole-plant explants, 1,668 calluses from root explants, 629 calluses from shoot explants, 649 calluses from the 1st node explants, 240 calluses from the 2nd node explants, 269 calluses from the 1st internode explants and 12 calluses from the 2nd internode explants. With regard to number of plants obtained from each explant source, 27 plants were obtained from whole-plant explants, 195 plants from shoot explants, 43 plants from the 1st node explants, 40 plants from the 2nd node explants and four plants from the 1st internode explants. With regard to number of seeds, 823 seeds were obtained from shoot explants and 329 seeds were obtained from the 2nd node explants. Germination rate of harvested seeds was over 90%. The establishment of this regeneration system is essential for the development of a genetic transformation system for commercial rice cultivars.

Elemental Content in Wheat Products of Asir Region, Saudi Arabia

Wheat is one of the most grown crops in Saudi Arabia. Accurate knowledge of the various elemental concentrations in wheat and its products （bran and flower） is of great importance from nutrition point of view. Wheat samples were obtained from Asir region, 900 Km southern of Riyadh, and analyzed. Up to 50 elements in wheat products were determined. It was observed that the mineral content of bran was much higher than white flour.

Regeneration and utilization of nutrients during collapse of a Mesodinium rubrum red tide and its influence on phytoplankton species composition

High-biomass red tides occur frequently in some semi-enclosed bays of Hong Kong where ambient nutrients are not high enough to support such a high phytoplankton biomass. These high-biomass red tides release massive inorganic nutrients into local waters during their collapse. We hypothesized that the massive inorganic nutrients released from the collapse of red tides would fuel growth of other phytoplankton species. This could influence phytoplankton species composition. We tested the hypothesis using a red tide event caused by Mesodinium rubrum(M. rubrum) in a semi-enclosed bay, Port Shelter. The red tide patch had a cell density as high as 5.0×10~5 cells L^(-1), and high chlorophyll a(63.71 μg L^(-1)). Ambient inorganic nutrients(nitrate:NO_3^-, ammonium: NH_4^+, phosphate: PO_4^(3-), silicate: SiO_4^(3-)) were low both in the red tide patch and the non-red-tide patch(clear waters outside the red tide patch). Nutrient addition experiments were conducted by adding all the inorganic nutrients to water samples from the two patches followed by incubation for 9 days. The results showed that the addition of inorganic nutrients did not sustain high M. rubrum cell density, which collapsed after day 1, and did not drive M. rubrum in the non-red-tide patch sample to the same high-cell density in the red tide patch sample. This confirmed that nutrients were not the driving factor for the formation of this red tide event, or for its collapse. The death of M. rubrum after day 1 released high concentrations of NO_3^-,PO_4^(3-), SiO_4^(3-), NH_4^+, and urea. Bacterial abundance and heterotrophic activity increased, reaching the highest on day 3 or 4, and decreased as cell density of M. rubrum declined. The released nutrients stimulated growth of diatoms, such as Chaetoceros affinis var. circinalis, Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii, and Nitzschia sp., particularly with additions of SiO_4^(3-) treatments, and other species. These results demonstrated that initiation of M. rubrum red tides in the bay was not directly driven by nutrients.However, the massive inorganic nutrients released from the collapse of the red tide could induce a second bloom in low-ambient nutrient water, influencing phytoplankton species composition.

The uptake diversity of soil nitrogen nutrients by main plant species in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

We studied the uptake of ammonium, nitrate, and a variety of amino acids by alpine plant species in the Kobresia humil alpine meadow ecosystem in situ. We examined the extent of niche separation in uptake of N source by different plant species in alpine communities, and investigated the contribution of symbiotically fixed N to the total N in alpine meadow. The results are （1） δ15N natural abundance values of 13 plant species lie between -2.680‰ and 5.169‰, and the scope is 7.849‰. （2） Le- guminous plants, such as Trigonella ruthenica, Gueldenstaedtia diversiffolia, and Oxytyopis ochrocephala, and non-legumi- nous plant Gentiana straminea uptake low amounts of 15N labeled ammonium, nitrate, glycine or aspartate in soil. （3） As far as the plant uptake of organic N is concerned, Kobresia humilis, Poa pratensis, and Gentiuna spathutifolta can effectively uptake organic nitrogen, and about 37%-40% of the nitrogen of these species comes from soil organic nitrogen sources （such as glycine and aspartate）. Stipa aliena can effectively uptake nitrate, and 60% of its nitrogen comes from soil nitrate. Potentilla anserina, Poa pratensis, and Thalictrum alpinum can effectively absorb ammonium in comparason to other plant species in the meadow, and about 25%-27% of the nitrogen in these plants comes from soil ammonium. （4） The contribution of leguminous fixed N to total N is 7.48%-9.26% in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow. （5） These data show many plant species of alpine meadow may effectively utilize dissolved organic nitrogen such as amino acids, and these plants have diverse ways to uptake soil nitrogen in alpine meadows. Based on the results we can partly explain why there are abundant biodiversities and how plants at alpine habitat utilize the limited soil N sources.

Changes in nectar supply： A possible cause of widespread butterfly decline

Recent studies have documented declining trends of various groups of flower-visiting insects, even common butterfly species. Causes of these declines are still unclear but the loss of habitat quality across the wider countryside is thought to be a major factor. Nectar supply constitutes one of the main resources determining habitat quality. Yet, data on changes in nectar abundance are lacking. In this study, we provide the first analysis of changes in floral nectar abundance on a national scale and link these data to trends in butterfly species richness and abundance. We used transect data from the Dutch Butterfly Monitoring Scheme to compare two time periods： 1994-1995 and 2007-2008. The results show that butterfly decline can indeed be linked to a substantial decline in overall flower abundance and specific nectar plants, such as thistles. The decline is as severe in reported flower generalists as in flower specialists. We suggest that eutrophication is a main cause of the decline of nectar sources [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 384-391, 2012].