植生土类型对岩石边坡人工土壤理化性质和微生物活性的影响

针对川中丘陵区遂渝铁路的典型岩石边坡,以临近自然边坡为对照,对来源于不同植生土类型的岩石边坡人工土壤以及自然边坡自然土壤理化性质和微生物活性的差异性进行研究。结果表明:岩石边坡人工土壤和自然边坡土壤有机碳含量、含水量、土壤颗粒分形维数和细菌数量均表现为自然边坡土=农田源植生土>岩石源植生土;土壤容重表现为岩石源植生土>自然边坡土>农田源植生土;真菌、放线菌数量以及过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均表现为自然边坡土>农田源植生土>岩石源植生土;蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶活性表现为自然边坡土>岩石源植生土>农田源植生土(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,土壤微生物数量和酶活性与土壤有机质含量、含水量、土壤颗粒分形维数和容重相关关系良好。

植生混凝土的配合比设计、碱度控制、植生土及植物选择

为了促进对植生混凝土(通常所说的种植混凝土、植被混凝土、绿化混凝土等)的了解与认识,总结和分析了植生混凝土配合比设计方法、施工工艺、碱度控制、孔隙填充土和表层客土的选择与施工及植物的选择和种植方法。通过这些内容的讲解,期望推动植生混凝土的研究不断深入、发展,促进植生混凝土尽早大规模工程化应用,以减少混凝土对生态环境的负荷,增进混凝土与自然生态系统协调发展,为人类构造舒适的生活环境。

用于边坡防护的纤维丝加筋补强植生土强度参数及作用机理研究

边坡生态防护中,连续纤维丝能够对人工植生基材起到加筋补强作用,提高基材抗剪强度、抗侵蚀能力。通过应力控制式直接剪切仪进行快剪试验,研究了不同纤维丝含量对植生基材抗剪强度的影响。结果显示,纤维丝可明显增强植生基材抗剪切强度,但并非纤维丝含量越大,基材抗剪强度就越大。当纤维丝量在2.0kg/m3左右时植生基材获得最大抗剪强度,同时植生基材的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ获得最大值。

纤维丝加筋补强植生土强度参数的试验研究

边坡生态防护中,纤维丝能够对人工植生土起到加筋补强作用,提高植生土抗剪强度、抗侵蚀能力。本试验采用应力控制式直接剪切仪进行快剪试验,测定了不同纤维丝含量和含水率对纤维丝植生土抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用4种纤维丝含量(0kg/m3、1.0kg/m3、2.0kg/m3、3.0kg/m3)和5种土壤质量含水率(0.30、0.35、0.40、0.45、饱和含水率)水平。试验结果显示,纤维丝可明显增强植生土的抗剪切强度,并随着纤维丝含量增加,植生土粘聚力和内摩擦角都呈先增大之后有所减小的趋势;当纤维丝量为2.0kg/m3左右时植生土获得最大抗剪强度,此时纤维丝植生土强度参数粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ分别增大2.26倍和1.55倍。随含水率增加,纤维丝植生土抗剪强度均呈减小趋势,但粘聚力和内摩擦角减小幅度不尽相同;分析结果显示,纤维丝能够明显延缓植生土粘聚力的降低,并保证在饱和含水率下内摩擦角不为零。

植被混凝土生态基材冻融效应试验研究

以植被混凝土生态基材为研究对象,探讨了冷端温度、含水率、植生土类型及融化温度4个因素对其冻融效应的影响。结果表明:各因素对植被混凝土冻融效应影响的强弱顺序为植生土类型>含水率>冷端温度>融化温度;随冷端温度升高或含水率增大,植被混凝土的冻胀率与融沉系数均显著增大;其它条件都相同时,黏土配置的植被混凝土在冻融效应上比砂土表现的更为敏感;融化温度对植被混凝土融沉系数的影响微弱,且无规律可循;冻胀与融沉过程对植被混凝土耐久性的破坏主要体现在内部的微观结构上,冻融双重作用对植被混凝土的体积变化影响并不显著;以冷端温度和含水率为影响因素所建立的综合预报模型拟合度好,可有效预测植被混凝土冻胀与融沉变形量。

植生混凝土施工技术研究

植生混凝土作为绿化混凝土的一种,具有增加城市绿化面积、降低城市热岛效应、重构生态系统等作用。为此对植生混凝土用多孔混凝土的施工、综合降碱技术、植生土的施工、植物的种植等植生混凝土的施工技术进行了研究。确定了多孔混凝土的配合比、搅拌、浇筑、养护、植生混凝土孔隙碱度抑制措施、植生土的配制及施工、植物的种植技术等,成功开发了植生混凝土施工技术。

广西平桂大理石矿区植被复绿水保措施初探

开展采石场水土流失综合治理,践行十九大提出的生态保护优先基本国策,刻不容缓,其治理技术应因地制宜,有侧重点,即通过工程手段促使植被自然演替。本文以平桂大理石矿区坡面复绿水保技术为例,介绍了锚杆铁丝网固坡绿化加喷混合植生土复绿水保措施,治理后,植被得以恢复,水土流失得到控制。锚杆铁丝网固坡绿化加喷混合植生土的矿区坡面复绿水保技术可有效地解决挖山采石带来的植被破坏、水土流失和地质灾害问题。

Distribution Patterns of Soil Microorganisms under Different Vegetation Types along the Riparian Wetland of the Ulson River and Its Influencing Factors

Wetlands are important for maintaining global ecosystem functions,mitigating global climate change,and regulating regional climate change.Ecological problems caused by global climate change have had serious impacts on plant distribution patterns in the wetlands of riparian zones,as well as on microbial community habitats in the soil.This study was based on a field sampling survey of the distribution characteristics of plant communities in the Ulson River,combined with remote sensing to obtain the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation in the riparian wetland.High-throughput sequencing technology combined with the characteristics of soil physicochemical factors were then used to explore the distribution characteristics of the community structures of soil bacteria and fungi under different vegetation types in the Ulson River Basin,in order to reveal the pattern of changes of soil microbial microorganisms under the different vegetation types in the wetlands of the riparian area and the factors driving those changes.The results showed an obvious banding phenomenon of wetland vegetation in the Ulson River Basin.Proteobacteria ranked first in relative abundance in all the sample plots and were the dominant bacteria in the study area.Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungi in the study area.In swamp areas,degenerate swamp soils,soil moisture content,and soil bulk density affected the microbial richness directly or indirectly by controlling soil nutrients.Plant aboveground biomass was the most significant factor influencing microbial diversity in a typical wet meadow sample.In salinized meadows and swamped meadows,electrical conductivity affected microbial richness and soil bulk density was the main factor influencing microbial diversity.The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of degraded riparian wetlands and further clarification of soil ecosystem functions in riparian wetlands.

四川丘陵区不同类型边坡土壤的团聚体差异性研究

在四川丘陵区的遂渝铁路遂宁站附近,以自然边坡的自然边坡土、铁路切挖边坡的岩石源植生土、铁路切挖边坡的农田源植生土3种不同类型边坡土壤为对象,对不同类型边坡土壤的团聚体差异性进行了研究.结果表明:岩石源植生土的水稳性团聚体含量显著小于农田源植生土,土壤结构破坏率表现为岩石源植生土>自然边坡土>农田源植生土.岩石源植生土、农田源植生土和自然边坡土的分形维数分别为2.605,2.700和2.706,岩石源植生土的分形维数显著小于农田源植生土和自然边坡土,而农田源植生土与自然边坡土的分形维数之间无显著差异.土壤颗粒平均重量直径和几何平均直径在不同类型边坡土壤之间存在显著差异,均表现为岩石源植生土>自然边坡土>农田源植生土.

Distribution patterns of vegetation biomass and nutrients bio-cycle in alpine tundra ecosystem on Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

A study was conducted to test the correlation between biomass and elevation and the differences in concentration and storks of nutrients among five vegetation types （Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation-FA, Lithic alpine tundra vegetation-LA, Typical alpine tundra vegetation-TA, Meadow alpine tundra vegetation-MA, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetation-SA） on alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, China in growing seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The biomass of 43 mono-species and soil nutrients in alpine tundra ecosystem were also investigated. Dominant species from Ericaceae （such as Rhododendron chrysanthum and Vaccinium jliginosum var. alpinum） were taken to analyze organ biomass distribution. Result showed that the biomass and elevation had a significant correlation （Biomass-237.3 in（Elevation） ＋494.36; R^2=0.8092; P〈0.05）. No significant differences were found in phosphorus and sulphur concentrations of roots, stems and leaves among the five vegetation types. There were significant differences in nitrogen and phosphorus stocks of roots, stems and leaves and in sulphur stock of stems and leaves among TA, MA, and SA vegetation types （p〈0.05）. The nutrient stock of five vegetations was averagely 72.46 kg.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 48.55, 10.33 and 13.61 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Soil N and S concentrations in meadow alpine tundra soil type was significantly higher than those in other four soil types （Cold desert alpine tundra soil, Lithic alpine tundra soil, Peat alpine tundra soil, and Gray alpine tundra soil）. Phosphorous concentration in SA type was higher （p〈0.05） than in other types. Soil nutrient stock （0-20cm） was averagely 39.59 t.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 23.74, 5.86, 9.99 t·hm^-2, respectively.

Soil microbial properties and nutrients in pure and mixed Chinese fir plantations

An investigation on soil organic carbon, total N and P, NO3-N, available P, microbial biomass C, N and P, basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） was conducted to compare differences in soil microbial properties and nutrients between 15-year-old pure Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） and two mixed Chinese fir plantations （mixed plantations with Alnus crernastogyne, mixed plantations with Kalopanax septemlobus） at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology （26°45′N latitude and 109°30′E longitude）, Chinese Academy of Sciences in May, 2005. Results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon, total N, NO3^--N, total P and available P in mixed plantations were higher than that in pure plantation. Soil microbial biomass N in two mixed plantations was averagely higher 69% and 61% than that in pure plantation at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Soil microbial biomass C, P and basal respiration in mixed plantations were higher 11%, 14% and 4% at the 0-10 cm soil depth and 6%, 3% and 3% at the 10-20 cm soil depth compared with pure plantation. However, soil microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 were averagely lower 34% and 4% in mixed plantations than pure plantation. Additionally, there was a closer relation between soil microbial biomass and soil nutrients than between basal respiration, microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 and soil nutrients. In conclusion, introduction of broad-leaved tree species into pure coniferous plantation improved soil microbial properties and soil fertility, and can be helpful to restore degraded forest soil.

Sedum alfredii : A New Lead-Accumulating Ecotype

hi a survey of plant population, Sedum alfredii Hance, a new lead (Pb)-tolerant and lead (Pb)accumulating ecotype, was found in an old Pb/Zn mining area in Zhejiang Province of China. The growth and Pb content of plant ecotypes being able to and unable to accumulate Pb were studied by hydroponic culture with different concentrations of Pb(NO3)(2). Growth of shoots of accumulating ecotype was not affected by Ph treatments up to 320 mg/L, whereas that of non-accumulating ecotype was inhibited in all Ph treatments. The Ph concentrations in the roots and shoots of accumulating ecotype increased with increasing of Pb level in the nutrient solution. The maximum Ph concentrations in the shoots and roots of accumulating ecotype were 514 mg/kg and 13 922 mg/kg, 2.27 times and 2.62 times as much as that of non-accumulating ecotype, respectively. The highest rate of Pb accumulation of accumulating ecotype was 8.62 mug/plant/d, 7.16 times as much as that of non-accumulating ecotype. Due to its fast growth rate and high Pb-accumulating ability, from a phytoremediation perspective, accumulating ecotype of S. alfredii is a potential plant species for Pb removal from contaminated soils.

Effects of Different Vegetable Planting Modes on Soil Microbial Flora and Enzyme Activity

To investigate the effects of different vegetable growing regions and planting modes on soil quality,soils in high,medium and low altitude areas of Guizhou were respectively sampled under different vegetable efficient planting modes,and the variations of soil microbial flora and enzyme activities were analyzed. The soil microbial count and total bacteria of the vegetable efficient cultivation mode were significantly higher than that of the control （traditional planting mode） in each planting area,and the microbial diversity index was also improved to varying de- grees.The soil phosphatase,catalase and urease activities of the vegetable efficient planting mode were higher than that of the control.The soil catalase and urease activities were higher than that of the control by 1.37-1.44 and 1.51-2.80 times. Application of vegetable efficient planting mode in different regions will help to im- prove the soil quality in a given period.

Application and Analysis of Native Plant in Landscaping

With PVESM point of view, this study analyzed comprehensive functions of native plants, which including natural function, visual function, ecological function, social function and spiritual function, the advantages of native plants in landscaping and the effects of it on human living environment were expounded. Based on analyzing the present situations of native plants in landscaping, the relative improvement measures were put forward.

Study on the Surface Soil Micro-biomass Carbon of Kinds of Vegetation Types in Dagu Estuary Wetland

A field experiment was carried out to explore surface soil mircro-biomass carbon （MBC）. The results showed that the difference of soil MBC was significant among three vegetation types in five sample spots in July. The order of surface soil MBC was： Aquaculture pond reed （sample 2）〉 reed of river bank （sample 5）〉 sea- plant（sample 5）〉 river flat（sample 4）〉 The alkaline（sample 1）. There is a very sig- nificant correlation among the soil MBC, the water content of soil and the content of organic matter. Among wetland plants, reed is kind of plant content of high ground biomass and below-ground biomass,especially the MBC planted in wetland is high- er, which shows that compared with common plants, reed is more conducive to the accumulation of soil MBC and has an important effect to wetland protecting and re- covery of function of ecosystem.

Streamflow and Soil Moisture of Agroforestry and Grass Watersheds in Hilly Area

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province,Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s-1 km-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Plant Growth and Phthalic Ester Degradation in Two Contaminated Soils

A 60-day pot experiment was carried out using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a typical organic pollutant phthalic ester and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as the host plant to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and degradation of DEHP in two contaminated soils, a yellow-brown soil and a red soil. The air-dried soils were uniformly sprayed with different concentrations of DEHP, inoculated or left uninoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, and planted with…

Phenolic Acids in Plant-Soil-Microbe System: A Review

Phenolic acids are very common compounds in pedosphere. Theobjective of this review was to summarize the current knowledge ofthe behaviors of phenolic acids in plant-soil microbe system. Whenphenolic acids originated form leaching, decomposition and exudationof living and dead plant tissues enter soils, they can reactphysiochemically with soil particle surfaces and/or incorporate intohumic matter. Phenolic acids desorbed from soil particle surfaces andremained in solution phase can be utilized by microbe as carbonsources and absorbed by plants.

Soil Microbial Activity During Secondary Vegetation Succession in Semiarid Abandoned Lands of Loess Plateau

To show the vegetation succession interaction with soil properties, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and enzyme activities in different soil layers （0-60 cm） were determined in six lands, i.e., 2-, 7-, 11-, 20-, and 43-year-old abandoned lands and one native grassland, in a semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the successional time and soil depths affected soil microbiological parameters significantly. In 20-cm soil layer, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）, MBC/MBN, MBC to soil organic carbon ratio （MBC/SOC）, and soil basal respiration tended to increase with successional stages but decrease with soil depths. In contrast, metabolic quotient （qCO2） tended to decrease with successional stages but increase with soil depths. In addition, the activities of urease, catalase, neutral phosphatase, β-fructofuranosidase, and earboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） enzyme increased with successional stages and soil depths. They were significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass and SOC （P 〈 0.5）, whereas no obvious trend was observed for the polyphenoloxidase activity. The results indicated that natural vegetation succession could improve soil quality and promote ecosystem restoration, but it needed a long time under local climate conditions.

Dynamics of Microbial Biomass in a Rainfed Soil Under Wheat Cultivation

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil microbial biomass in a rainfed soil under wheat cultivation at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The treatments applied were: 1) a control (CK), 2) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 3) farmyard manure (FYM, 110 g pot-1), 4)poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1), 5) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 6) poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 7) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK at sowing and the other half one month after sowing), and 8) PM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK applied at sowing and the other half one month after sowing). The experiment was laid out using a completely randomized design with three replications. Microbial biomass C, N and P contents increased continuously from the beginning of the experiment up to the three-leaf stage. A slight decline was observed at the tillering stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. After tillering there was an increase in all treatments to the recorded maximum point at the full heading stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. In the FYM + NPK(S) and PM + NPK(S) treatments; however, there was a continuous increase in microbial biomass up to the heading stage. At the harvesting stage a sharp decline was noted in all treatments. The C:N ratio of microbial biomass in tested soil ranged from 7.8 to 11.3, while C:P ratio of microbial biomass in the tested soil ranged from 22.6 to 35.1 throughout all growth stages of the wheat crop.