玛纳斯河谷水源地植被生态水位区间研究

干旱半干旱地区地下水对植被生长起着至关重要的作用,科学定量植被生长和地下水位埋深的依存关系对干旱区生态维护与修复意义重大。结合野外植被样方调查,采用高斯模型对玛纳斯河谷水源地区域植被特征与地下水埋深间的关系进行了分析,对研究植被生态水位区间的确定进行了探讨。研究结果表明,玛纳斯河谷水源地植被沿河谷洼地向东西两侧阶地呈显著的垂直地带性分布;各种植被多度与地下水埋深间的关系符合高斯分布,灌、草群落对地下水位埋深的响应有显著区别;地下水埋深在1~4 m最适宜灌木植被生长,其限制水位为5.5 m;地下水位埋深在0.5~1.5 m时最适宜草本植物生长,其限制水位为2.5 m。研究区总体的植被生态适宜水位区间为1.0~5.5 m,生态警戒水位为5.5 m,生态水位下限为9 m。

Study on Species Diversity of Alpine Vegetation with Different Altitudes in Daban Mountain

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate species diversity of alpine vegetation in different altitudes of Daban mountain. [Method] Plant communities were surveyed in three different altitudes （3 025 m,3 405 m,3 813 m） of Daban mountain,the eastern Qilian,and the richness or diversity index of vegetation in three different altitudes was comparatively analyzed. [Result] The species richness decreased with the gradual increase of altitude,and species diversity of plant communities was relatively lower in medium altitude. Furthermore,community similarity also decreased with the increase of altitude,and β diversity of communities had a significant change. [Conclusion] Environmental factor change caused by different altitudes and human disturbance are important reasons for the change of species distribution pattern in different altitudes.

The Influence of Seasonal Snow on Soil Thermal and Water Dynamics under Different Vegetation Covers in a Permafrost Region

Seasonal snow is one of the most important influences on the development and distribution of permafrost and the hydrothermal regime in surface soil. Alpine meadow, which constitutes the main land type in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected to study the influence of seasonal snow on the temperature and moisture in active soil layers under different vegetation coverage. Monitoring sites for soil moisture and temperature were constructed to observe the hydrothermal processes in active soil layers under different vegetation cover with seasonal snow cover variation for three years from 2010 to 2012. Differences in soil temperature and moisture in areas of diverse vegetation coverage with varying levels of snow cover were analyzed using active soil layer water and temperature indices. The results indicated that snow cover greatly influenced the hydrothermal dynamics of the active soil layer in alpine meadows. In the snow manipulation experiment with a snow depth greater than 15 cm, the snow cover postponed both the freeze-fall and thawrise onset times of soil temperature and moisture in alpine LC(lower vegetation coverage) meadows and of soil moisture in alpine HC(higher vegetation coverage) meadows; however, the opposite response occurred for soil temperatures of alpine HC meadows,where the entire melting period was extended by advancing the thaw-rise and delaying the freeze-fall onset time of the soil temperature. Snow cover resulted in a decreased amplitude and rate of variation in soil temperature, for both alpine HC meadows and alpine LC meadows, whereas the distinct influence of snow cover on the amplitude and rate of soil moisture variation occurred at different soil layers with different vegetation coverages. Snow cover increased the soil moisture of alpine grasslands during thawing periods. The results confirmed that the annual hydrothermal dynamics of active layers in permafrost were subject to the synergistic actions of both snow cover and vegetation coverage.

Floristic and structural analysis of the woodland vegetation around Dello Menna,Southeast Ethiopia

Floristic composition and vegetation structure were described for the woodland vegetation around Dello Menna, Bale zone, southeast Ethiopia. A total 50 （20 m ×20 m） quadrats were sampled to identify and describe plant community types, species diversity, richness and evenness and to relate the identified plant community types with some environ- mental factors and describe the population structure of woody plant species. In each quadrrat, data on species identity, abundance, height and Diameter at Breast Height （DBH） of woody plant species, altitude and slope were recorded. Vegetation classification was performed using PC - ORD software package. Sorensen＇s similarity coefficient was used to detect dissimilarities among communities. Shannon - Wiener diversity index, species richness and Shannon＇s evenness were computed to de- scribe species diversity of the plant community types. Results show that a total of 171 vascular plant species representing 53 families were re- corded. Fabaceae is the dominant family represented by 13 genera and 26 species （15%） followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Anacardiaceae with eight species each （4.6%）. Based on the results of vegetation classi- fication, three plant communities （Dalbergia microphylla community, Grewia bicolar- Acacia brevispica community, and Combretum molle- Combretum collinum community） are recognized and described. Species richness, diversity and evenness varied among the plant communities.Species richness and diversity exhibit a bell - shaped pattern along alti- tude. Species turn over among communities more or less follow altitud- inal gradients. Tukey＇s pairwise comparison of means among the plant community types shows significant variations in altitude, implying that altitude is one of the most important factors determining the distribution of plant communities. The community Dalbergia microphylla type exhibits the highest species richness and diversity. Analysis of population structure of the dominant species reveals various patterns. Future research directions and recommendations are suggested for the sustainable utilization.

Economic Value Evaluation of Wetland Service in Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing

Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.

沙坡头地区草本植物层片对施加氮素的响应

以沙坡头人工固沙区草本层片植物为研究对象,分析不同氮肥处理下,物种丰富度、多度、盖度、高生长以及地上部生物量等群落学特征对不同氮肥水平的响应。人工施加氮肥1年的试验结果表明:除50g·m-2的施肥水平外,其他各施肥水平下群落物种丰富度均高于对照;多度随施肥梯度的增加整体上呈下降趋势,施肥梯度越高,下降越明显,其中在50g·m-2的施肥水平下,多度相比于对照下降了86.7%;盖度随施肥水平梯度的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,在20g·m-2的施肥水平下盖度达到最大值,其与对照间的差异达到了显著性水平(P<0.05);植物高生长对氮肥水平的响应存在种间差异;地上部生物量则在低肥水平下高于对照,而高肥水平下低于对照。总体而言,氮肥水平对荒漠生态系统群落物种多样性和生产力的影响呈低肥促进、高肥抑制的效应。